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Systems of Neuroscience > exam one (audio & vestibular) > Flashcards

exam one (audio & vestibular) Flashcards

1
Q

passage of sound

A

auditory receptors in cochlea, brain stem neurons, MGN, auditory cortex

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2
Q

audible variations in air pressure

A

sound

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3
Q

what is the audible range in humans

A

20-20,000 Hz

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4
Q

perception of sound frequency (low pitch = low frequency, high pitch = higher frequency)

A

pitch

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5
Q

higher intensity is perceived as _____ than low intensity

A

louder

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6
Q

a high amplitude is a ___ sound and low amplitude is ___ sound

A

loud, soft

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7
Q

by age 65 ___ of hair cells are gone

A

40%

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8
Q

sound waves move through the ear in what order

A

sound waves, tympanic membrane, ossicles, oval window, cochlear fluid, and sensory neuron response

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9
Q

what is the function of the ossicles and what are they called

A

sound amplification by putting pressure on oval window; malleus, incus, stapes

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10
Q

reflexive response where onset of loud sound causes two middle ear muscles to contract (these rigid muscles diminish amplification of ossicles)

A

attenuation reflex

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11
Q

fluid in outer tubes of cochlea (scala vestibuli and scala tympani), ion concentrations?

A

perilymph; low K+ and high Na+

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12
Q

fluid in inner ear tube of cochlea (scala media); ion concentration?

A

endolymph; high K+ and low Na+

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13
Q

response of the ____ ____ to sound establishes a place code in different locations of membrane are maximally deformed by different sound frequencies

A

basilar membrane

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14
Q

higher frequencies ____ faster; low frequencies make it further along the basilar membrane

A

dissipate

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15
Q

on the basilar membrane, there are stereocilia extending into tectorial membrane (because basilar membrane moves)

A

outer hair cells

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16
Q

just below the tectorial membrane the __ ____ ___ have stereocilia extending into the endolymph

A

inner hair cells

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17
Q

bending of the basilar membrane moves hair cells relative to ___ ____ bending the ____

A

tectorial membrane, stereocilia

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18
Q

sound bends the basilar membrane upward which results in the stereocilia bending _____; this is the final step of the mechanical message

A

outward

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19
Q

there are more outer or inner hair cells

A

outer

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20
Q
A
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21
Q
A
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22
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23
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24
Q
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25
Q
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26
Q

once the mechanically gated channels are open the K+ ions move in which ____ the hair cell membrane

A

depolarize

27
Q

the bending of the basilar membrane opens mechanicaly gated ___ channels

A

K+

28
Q

Once the hair cell membrane is depolarized ____ has an influx and GLU is released onto ___ ___ ___

A

Ca2+ , spiral ganglion cells

29
Q

one spiral ganglion cell then synapses with ____ ____ hair cells but it synapses with only one ____ hair cell

A

numerous outer; inner

30
Q

one inner hair cells synaposes with only one spiral ganglion cell, true or false?

A

false

31
Q

sound amplification done the outer hair cells is known as ____ ___

A

cochlear amplifier

32
Q

outer hair cells have a motor protein called ___ which allows the hair cell to compress and expand; it is driven by acetylcholine neurons (brain stem)

A

prestin

33
Q

prestin essentially helps the outer hair cell to exaggerate the bending of the ___ ___

A

basilar membrane

34
Q

without prestin the “wave” will go the same distance down basilar membrane but loses its ___ ___

A

loud frequency

35
Q

electrode placement of cochlear implants serves to

A

reserve tonotopic map

36
Q

each cochlear nucleus receives input from ___ ear (medulla)

A

one

37
Q

neurons are first present in the ___ ___ (medulla)

A

superior olive

38
Q

what is the pathway after the spiral ganglion cells from the inner ear

A

auditory nerve takes it to the cochlear nucleus to the superior olive

39
Q

from the medulla where does sound travel as an action potential

A

it is taken by the lateral lemniscus to the inferior colliculus (mid brain)

40
Q

the superior olive is ____

A

binaural (sound sharing)

41
Q

from the inferior colliculus sound goes to what structure in the thalamus

A

MGN to the auditory cortex

42
Q

everything after the medulla (superior olive) is information from both ears, true or false

A

true

43
Q

encoding sound intensity (loudness) can be done by the ___ ___ of individual neurons

A

firing rate

44
Q

as intensity increases so does amplitude of basilar membrane movement, this causes the membrane potential to more rapidly become _____ and ______

A

depolarized and hyperpolarized

45
Q

the membrane becoming hypoerpolarized and depolarized rapidly increases number of action potentials by the ___ ____ ___

A

spiral ganglion cells

46
Q

another approach encoding loudness is to look at the total number of ____ ____; the more hair cells activated by larger area of basilar membrane vibrating, the broader the frequency range (to which spiral ganglion cells still respond)

A

active neurons

47
Q

frequency at which neuron is most responsiveness

A

characteristic frequency

48
Q

firing of auditory nerved correspond to a particular ____ of the sounds wave, which is called phase locking

A

phase

49
Q

the pinna allows us to have ____ sound localization

A

vertical

50
Q

interaural time delay (time taken for a sound to reach second ear) is most effective localization strategy for ____ frequency

A

low

51
Q

interaural intensity difference (head casts a sound shadow, reducing sound intensity) is the most effective localization strategy for ____ frequency sounds

A

high

52
Q

the impulses of sound reach olivary neuron at the same time and ____ to produce an action potential that indicated perception of sound

A

summate

53
Q

axons leaving the MGN project to A1 of the primary auditory cortex where organization called ____ is maintained by Hz

A

tonotopy

54
Q

if there was a uniltateral lesion of the A1 compared to V1 what would happen and why?

A

The ability to hear would be mostly unaffected (except precise localization) because cross talk happens sooner and both ears get the same stimuli

55
Q

what are the otolith organs and what do they do

A

utricle and saccule; movement (acceleration and tilt of head)

56
Q

the semicircular canals function to maintain

A

position

57
Q

hair cells of the otolith organs are embedded in the _____ (sensory epithelium)

A

macula

58
Q

the cilia which project out of the epithelium are capped by ____ crystals

A

otoconia

59
Q

the macula hairs respond to ___ ___ through the bending of the cillia

A

head tilt

60
Q

what benefit is there to have three semicircular canals

A

they are three different directions and sense all possible head-rotation angles

61
Q

head rotation causes _____ of hair cells in semicircular canal on one side and ____ of hair cells on the other side, this is called?

A

excitation, inhibition and push-pull arrangement

62
Q

the auditory/vestibular nerve goes from the cochlea to the ____ then the limb and neck motor neurons

A

medulla

63
Q

reflex that keeps line of sight fixed on visual target when head is in motion

A

the vestibulo-ocular reflex

64
Q

how does the vestibulo-ocular reflex work

A

senses rotation of head and rapidly commands movement of eyes in opposite direction

Systems of Neuroscience (13 decks)

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