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Systems of Neuroscience > exam two (ch.16) > Flashcards

exam two (ch.16) Flashcards

1
Q

Both unconscious reflexes and conscious (voluntary)
movements may be

A

motivated

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2
Q

Maintains the internal environment within a narrow physiological
range

A

homeostasis

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3
Q

Regulation of homeostasis
* Regulates a number of
behaviors:
* Hunger
* Thirst
* Body temperature
* Sleep/circadian rhythms
* Sex
* Parenting and attachment

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

the hypothalamus has three repsonses to changes in homeostasis; what are they?

A

humoral, somatic motor, visceromotor

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5
Q

the humoral response is (by cerebellum)

A

release or inhibtion of pituiatry hormones

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6
Q

the visceromotor response is (by cerebellum)

A

adjustment of autonomic system

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7
Q

the somatic motor repsonse is (by cerebellum)

A

induction of somatic motor behavioral response

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8
Q

the ___ state is characterized by full intestines and anabolism (energy balance of long term regulation of feeding behavior)

A

prandial

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9
Q

the ___ state is characterized by empty intestines and catabolism (energy balance of long term regulation of feeding behavior)

A

postabsorptive

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10
Q

brain monitors body fat (adipose) and acts to defend against disturbances to this energy store

A

lipostatic hypothesis

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11
Q

protein released by fat cells
(adipocytes); regulates
body mass

A

leptin

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12
Q

when leptin are ____ Increases appetite; Incites adaptive responses
to fight starvation

A

low

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13
Q

__ leptin levels decreases appetite; increases energy expenditure

A

high

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14
Q

bilateral lesions of the
ventromedial hypothalamus
* Rats ate like crazy
* Suggested that working VMH reduces
feeding
which caused?

A

obesity

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15
Q

bilateral lesions of lateral
hypothalamus
* Rats wouldn’t eat
* Suggested that LH stimulates feeding
this caused

A

anorexia

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16
Q

three hypothalamic nuclei important for control of feeding

A

paraventricular, lateral and arcuate

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17
Q

leptin binds to receptors on neurons in ___ nucleus

A

arcuate

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18
Q

activation of the arcuate neurons stimulates release of

A

alpha MSH and CART

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19
Q

AlphaMSH and CART ____ appetite

A

diminish (released in times of high leptin)

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20
Q

_____ neurons project to brain regions that orchestrate coordinated humoral, visceromotor, and somatic
responses

A

arcuate

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21
Q

with alphaMSH and CART release the humoral respose is stimulation of

A

ACTH and thyrotropin (ant. pituitary; via paraventricular nucleus)

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22
Q

with alphaMSH and CART release the visceromotor response is

A

activation of sympathetic nervous system (raises metabolic rate and body temp.)

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23
Q

with alphaMSH and CART release the somatic motor response is

A

inhibition of feeding behavior via lateral hypothalamus

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24
Q

low leptin activates arcuate neurons which release

A

NPY and AgRP (opposite alphaMSH and CART)

25
Q

NPY and AgRP (orexigenic prptides) ____ appetite

A

increase

26
Q

the visceromotor response to NPY and AgRP is to

A

activate parasympathetic

27
Q

the somatic response to NPY and AgRP is to

A

stimulate feeding behavior (LH stimulation)

28
Q

alphaMSH (agonist) and AgRP (antagonist) produce opposite effects at the ____ receptor in lateral hypothalamus

A

MC4

29
Q

when arcuate neurons NPY and AgRP project to lat. hypothalamus the neurons of hypothalamus release

A

melanin concentrating hormone and orexin (start and prolong meal) increase appetite

30
Q

what are the three phases of short term regulation of feeding

A

cephalic, gastric, substrate

31
Q

sight and smell of food activates parasympathetic (what phase?)

A

cephalic

32
Q

stomach responds to chewing, swallowing and filling (what phase?)

A

gastric

33
Q

absorbance of nutrients from the intestine (what phase?)

A

substrate

34
Q

during cephalic state (hunger) ____ is released (empty stomach)

A

ghrelin (activates NPY and AgRP neurons)

35
Q

substrate phase releases ___ in response to certain foods and _____

A

CCK; insulin

36
Q

released during all phases of eating regulation; highest level during substrate phase

A

insulin

37
Q

what type of thirst is triggered by decrease in blood volume

A

volumetric (hypovolemic) thirst

38
Q

what type of thirst is triggered by increased concentration of substrates

A

osmotic thirst

39
Q

decrease in blood volume (hypovolemia) results in release of ____ from post. pituitary

A

vasopressin

40
Q

kindeys or mechanoreceptors in the walls of major blood vessels can release

A

vasopressin

41
Q

_____; increased conc. of dissolved substances in blood also results in release of vasopressin

A

hypertonicity

42
Q

high salt in sensed by ____ neurons which stimulate vasopressin and lat. hypothalamus

A

OVLT

43
Q

neurons for temp. homeostasis are in

A

ant. hypothalamus

44
Q

temp. neurons stimulate neurons in the ___ ___ area of hypothalamus for humoral and visceromotor response

A

medial preoptic

45
Q

temp. neurons stimulate neurons in the ___ ___ area for somatic motor response

A

lateral hypothalamus

46
Q

drop in blood temperature humoral response

A

TSH (from ant. pit.) then thyronxin (from thyroid) and increase in cell metabolism

47
Q

drop in blood temperature visceromotor and somatic response

A

goosebumps, blood vessel constriction; shivering

48
Q

changes in seratonin in response to eating; preabsorptive period

A

low seratonin

49
Q

changes in seratonin in response to eating: anticipation

A

rise

50
Q

changes in seratonin in response to eating; during meals

A

futher rise

51
Q

drugs that increase seratonin levels; reduce

A

appetite

52
Q

anorexia and bulimis are both abnormalities in brain; often accompanied by depression and is caused by issues with what NT

A

seratonin

53
Q

what are effective sites for self stimulation

A

trajectory of dopaminergic axons in the ventral tegmental area (medial forebrain bundle)

54
Q

drugs that block dopamine receptors ____ self-stimulation of projection

A

reduce

55
Q

amount of ______
released somehow determines how rewarding (or relevant) an event is

A

dopamine

56
Q

Highly addictive drugs such as nicotine and cocaine increase the level of dopamine in the ___ ___

A

nucleus accumbens

57
Q

dopamine depleted animals “like” food but do not ____ food; dopamine signals drive the wanting (schultz)

A

seek

58
Q
A

Systems of Neuroscience (13 decks)

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