exam two (ch.16)

Question 1

Both unconscious reflexes and conscious (voluntary)
movements may be

Answer 1

motivated

Question 2

Maintains the internal environment within a narrow physiological
range

Answer 2

homeostasis

Question 3

Regulation of homeostasis
* Regulates a number of
behaviors:
* Hunger
* Thirst
* Body temperature
* Sleep/circadian rhythms
* Sex
* Parenting and attachment

Answer 3

hypothalamus

Question 4

the hypothalamus has three repsonses to changes in homeostasis; what are they?

Answer 4

humoral, somatic motor, visceromotor

Question 5

the humoral response is (by cerebellum)

Answer 5

release or inhibtion of pituiatry hormones

Question 6

the visceromotor response is (by cerebellum)

Answer 6

adjustment of autonomic system

Question 7

the somatic motor repsonse is (by cerebellum)

Answer 7

induction of somatic motor behavioral response

Question 8

the ___ state is characterized by full intestines and anabolism (energy balance of long term regulation of feeding behavior)

Answer 8

prandial

Question 9

the ___ state is characterized by empty intestines and catabolism (energy balance of long term regulation of feeding behavior)

Answer 9

postabsorptive

Question 10

brain monitors body fat (adipose) and acts to defend against disturbances to this energy store

Answer 10

lipostatic hypothesis

Question 11

protein released by fat cells
(adipocytes); regulates
body mass

Answer 11

leptin

Question 12

when leptin are ____ Increases appetite; Incites adaptive responses
to fight starvation

Answer 12

low

Question 13

__ leptin levels decreases appetite; increases energy expenditure

Answer 13

high

Question 14

bilateral lesions of the
ventromedial hypothalamus
* Rats ate like crazy
* Suggested that working VMH reduces
feeding
which caused?

Answer 14

obesity

Question 15

bilateral lesions of lateral
hypothalamus
* Rats wouldn’t eat
* Suggested that LH stimulates feeding
this caused

Answer 15

anorexia

Question 16

three hypothalamic nuclei important for control of feeding

Answer 16

paraventricular, lateral and arcuate

Question 17

leptin binds to receptors on neurons in ___ nucleus

Answer 17

arcuate

Question 18

activation of the arcuate neurons stimulates release of

Answer 18

alpha MSH and CART

Question 19

AlphaMSH and CART ____ appetite

Answer 19

diminish (released in times of high leptin)

Question 20

_____ neurons project to brain regions that orchestrate coordinated humoral, visceromotor, and somatic
responses

Answer 20

arcuate

Question 21

with alphaMSH and CART release the humoral respose is stimulation of

Answer 21

ACTH and thyrotropin (ant. pituitary; via paraventricular nucleus)

Question 22

with alphaMSH and CART release the visceromotor response is

Answer 22

activation of sympathetic nervous system (raises metabolic rate and body temp.)

Question 23

with alphaMSH and CART release the somatic motor response is

Answer 23

inhibition of feeding behavior via lateral hypothalamus

Question 24

low leptin activates arcuate neurons which release

Answer 24

NPY and AgRP (opposite alphaMSH and CART)

Question 25

NPY and AgRP (orexigenic prptides) ____ appetite

Answer 25

increase

Question 26

the visceromotor response to NPY and AgRP is to

Answer 26

activate parasympathetic

Question 27

the somatic response to NPY and AgRP is to

Answer 27

stimulate feeding behavior (LH stimulation)

Question 28

alphaMSH (agonist) and AgRP (antagonist) produce opposite effects at the ____ receptor in lateral hypothalamus

Answer 28

MC4

Question 29

when arcuate neurons NPY and AgRP project to lat. hypothalamus the neurons of hypothalamus release

Answer 29

melanin concentrating hormone and orexin (start and prolong meal) increase appetite

Question 30

what are the three phases of short term regulation of feeding

Answer 30

cephalic, gastric, substrate

Question 31

sight and smell of food activates parasympathetic (what phase?)

Answer 31

cephalic

Question 32

stomach responds to chewing, swallowing and filling (what phase?)

Answer 32

gastric

Question 33

absorbance of nutrients from the intestine (what phase?)

Answer 33

substrate

Question 34

during cephalic state (hunger) ____ is released (empty stomach)

Answer 34

ghrelin (activates NPY and AgRP neurons)

Question 35

substrate phase releases ___ in response to certain foods and _____

Answer 35

CCK; insulin

Question 36

released during all phases of eating regulation; highest level during substrate phase

Answer 36

insulin

Question 37

what type of thirst is triggered by decrease in blood volume

Answer 37

volumetric (hypovolemic) thirst

Question 38

what type of thirst is triggered by increased concentration of substrates

Answer 38

osmotic thirst

Question 39

decrease in blood volume (hypovolemia) results in release of ____ from post. pituitary

Answer 39

vasopressin

Question 40

kindeys or mechanoreceptors in the walls of major blood vessels can release

Answer 40

vasopressin

Question 41

_____; increased conc. of dissolved substances in blood also results in release of vasopressin

Answer 41

hypertonicity

Question 42

high salt in sensed by ____ neurons which stimulate vasopressin and lat. hypothalamus

Answer 42

OVLT

Question 43

neurons for temp. homeostasis are in

Answer 43

ant. hypothalamus

Question 44

temp. neurons stimulate neurons in the ___ ___ area of hypothalamus for humoral and visceromotor response

Answer 44

medial preoptic

Question 45

temp. neurons stimulate neurons in the ___ ___ area for somatic motor response

Answer 45

lateral hypothalamus

Question 46

drop in blood temperature humoral response

Answer 46

TSH (from ant. pit.) then thyronxin (from thyroid) and increase in cell metabolism

Question 47

drop in blood temperature visceromotor and somatic response

Answer 47

goosebumps, blood vessel constriction; shivering

Question 48

changes in seratonin in response to eating; preabsorptive period

Answer 48

low seratonin

Question 49

changes in seratonin in response to eating: anticipation

Answer 49

rise

Question 50

changes in seratonin in response to eating; during meals

Answer 50

futher rise

Question 51

drugs that increase seratonin levels; reduce

Answer 51

appetite

Question 52

anorexia and bulimis are both abnormalities in brain; often accompanied by depression and is caused by issues with what NT

Answer 52

seratonin

Question 53

what are effective sites for self stimulation

Answer 53

trajectory of dopaminergic axons in the ventral tegmental area (medial forebrain bundle)

Question 54

drugs that block dopamine receptors ____ self-stimulation of projection

Answer 54

reduce

Question 55

amount of ______ released somehow determines how rewarding (or relevant) an event is

Answer 55

dopamine

Question 56

Highly addictive drugs such as nicotine and cocaine increase the level of dopamine in the ___ ___

Answer 56

nucleus accumbens

Question 57

dopamine depleted animals "like" food but do not ____ food; dopamine signals drive the wanting (schultz)

Answer 57

seek