exam two (ch.17)

Question 1

X chromosome contains ___ genes comparatively Y has ___ genes

Answer 1

800; 50

Question 2

the sex determining gene is located on the y chromosome and is called

Answer 2

SRY gene

Question 3

the SRY gene encodes testis-determining factor which is responsible for

Answer 3

development of testes and testicular hormones

Question 4

Female development
is the “default”, but in response to ______, male development
takes place in both the genitalia and the brain

Answer 4

testosterone

Question 5

during the first 6 weeks of development the sex is ___

Answer 5

undifferentiated

Question 6

Female development
is the “default”, but in response to _____, male development
takes place in both the genitalia and the brain

Answer 6

testosterone

Question 7

presense of SRY gene what duct is formed for males

Answer 7

wolffian

Question 8

without the SRY gene what duct is developed in female s

Answer 8

mullerian

Question 9

xxy

Answer 9

klinefelter (male)

Question 10

XO

Answer 10

turner syndrome (female)

Question 11

sex hormones are steriods derived from

Answer 11

cholesterol

Question 12

male hormones

Answer 12

androgens

Question 13

female hormones

Answer 13

progestins and estrogens

Question 14

____ catalyzes the conversion of androgen (testoterone) to estrogen

Answer 14

aromatase

Question 15

testes release what

Answer 15

androgen

Question 16

testosterone surge at puberty leads to _____ of male reproductive system

Answer 16

maturation

Question 17

ovaries secrete ___ and ____

Answer 17

estrogen and progesterone

Question 18

male blood conc. of sex hormones fluctuate over a _____

Answer 18

24 hour period

Question 19

females blood conc. of sex hormones fluctuate over ____

Answer 19

28 day cycle

Question 20

_____ is highest during follicular phase

Answer 20

estrogen

Question 21

____ is highest during luteal phase

Answer 21

progesterone

Question 22

release of GnRH from the ___ ____ __ is influenced by light, psychological and sensory input

Answer 22

medial preoptic area (hypothalamus)

Question 23

release of GnRH causes release of ___ and ___ from anterior pituitary

Answer 23

LH and FSH

Question 24

in males ___ stimulates testosterone and ___ aids in sperm maturation

Answer 24

LH, FSH

Question 25

in females ___ and ___ causes estrogens timing of menstrual cycle

Answer 25

LH and FSH

Question 26

hormone secreted by pineal gland by dark phase of day-night cycle; inhibits gonadotropin release

Answer 26

melatonin

Question 27

system responsible for releasing NT that relax smooth muscle in penis and clitoris

Answer 27

parasympathetic

Question 28

system responsible for NT forcing muscular contractions in genitals

Answer 28

sympathetic

Question 29

autonomic inputs and ___ ____ from the spinal cord influence response of penis and clitoris

Answer 29

sensory feedback (via dorsal column)

Question 30

the parasympathetic inputs from the ___ spinal cord and increases blood flow to external sex organs

Answer 30

sacral

Question 31

erotic thoughts and conscious control of sex organs is under _____ control

Answer 31

cortical

Question 32

local spinal circuits coordinate cortical activity with sensory input from genitals are under ____ control

Answer 32

sub cortical (spinal cord)

Question 33

male mates with many femals

Answer 33

polygyny

Question 34

female mates with many males

Answer 34

polyandry

Question 35

social and monogamous voles; lifelong partner bonds

Answer 35

prairie voles

Question 36

the role of ___ and _____ receptors in the brain are a large part of social differences in the voles

Answer 36

oxytocin and vasopressin

Question 37

the prairie voles have more or less receptors for vasopressin (male) and oxytocin (female)

Answer 37

more

Question 38

during breastfeeding in mothers and during sexual intercourse in both men and women what increases

Answer 38

oxytocin (has role in human bonding)

Question 39

the sexually dimorphic nucleus of rats is part of the ___ ___ __ and is larger in males than females

Answer 39

medial preoptic area

Question 40

a sexual dimorphism of the CNS is humans is the ___ ____ of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH)

Answer 40

interstitial nuclei

Question 41

the size of the anterior hypothalamic nuclei may correlate with ___ ___ in mammals

Answer 41

sexual preference

Question 42

what part of brain may be smaller in homosexual males than heterosexual males

Answer 42

INAH-3

Question 43

sexual dimorphisms of the CNS in humans is ___ ___ which is a collection of neurons innervating the base around the penis and vagina

Answer 43

onuf's nucleus

Question 44

masculinization vs. feminization of brain when it comes to the organization effects of hormones is ____

Answer 44

irrreversible

Question 45

# once testosterone enters a cell in female aromatase coverts to estrogen alpha-fetoprotein in blood of fetal rodents prevents estrogen (estrodiol) from entering neurons (in both sexes) protecting female fetus from ____

Answer 45

masculinization

Question 46

COX inhibitors, inhbit what

Answer 46

prostaglandin synthesis

Question 47

COX inhibitor causes ____ copulatory behavior in male rats but increased male-like copulatory behavior in ____ rats

Answer 47

reduces; female

Question 48

abnormally large adrenal glands overproduce androgens; don't develop testes (tomboy behavior; low fertility)

Answer 48

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia | CAH

Question 49

Experimentally delivering abnormally elevated testosterone during early development _____ female reproductive behaviors in adult genetic females

Answer 49

reduces

Question 50

defective andrgen receptor gene which is carried on X chromosome; develop normal testes but they remain undescended in the abdomen; produce testosterone but not sensitive to it (appear female with external female genitalia)

Answer 50

androgen insensitivity in human genetic males (XY)

Question 51

having both male and female tissues

Answer 51

gynandromorph

Question 52

the activational effects of sex hormones can temporarily change what two things

Answer 52

brain organization and behavior (animals)

Question 53

ex. of activational effects of sex hormones males: anticipation of sex: rise in testosterone; fall of test. is associated with

Answer 53

decreased sexual interest

Question 54

# direct or indirect affect of sex hormones this method can alter membrane excitability and sensitivity to neurotransmitters and change neurotransmitter release; | goal is to modulate functions of various enzymes, channels quickly

Answer 54

direct

Question 55

# direct or indirect affect of sex hormones diffuse across outer cell membrane, bind to specific steroid receptors in cytoplasm and nucleus | goal is to alter gene expression; takes more time (slower)

Answer 55

indirect

Question 56

Removal of ovaries _____ female sexual behavior

Answer 56

reduces

Question 57

for female the conc. of sex hormones in the ___ ____ of the hypothalamus effects sexual behavior

Answer 57

ventromedial nucleus

Question 58

a lesion in the ventromedial nucleus blocks ____ in female rats (VMH projects to spinal cord; motor control)

Answer 58

lordosis

Question 59

____ has a protective feature for neurons (can protect from stroke and MS during pregnancy)

Answer 59

estrogen

Question 60

Although leptin levels rise, hormonal changes lead to hypothalamic resistance to leptin – elevated hunger!

Answer 60

changes during pregnancy

Question 61

interaction with offspring in males Density of dendritic spines increase in prefrontal cortex and is Associated with increased expression of ______ receptors

Answer 61

vasopressin

Question 62

when it comes to sexual dimorphism there are larger differences in ____ than between ____

Answer 62

individuals; sexes

Question 63

Chemicals that transmit messages from one animal to another Detected by vomeronasal organ

Answer 63

pheromones

Question 64

estrus cycles stop when groups of female mice are housed alone together

Answer 64

lee-boot effect

Question 65

estrus cycles restart in synchrony when a group of female mice are exposed to urine of male mouse

Answer 65

whitten effect

Question 66

failure of pregnancy when a recently impregnated female mouse is exposed to a male other than the one with which she mated

Answer 66

bruce effect

Question 67

Detects nonvolatile chemicals in urine, other compounds Projects to accessory olfactory bulb

Answer 67

vomeronasal organ

Question 68

from the olfactory bulb the vomeronasal organ projects to the ____ which has connections to the VMH (females) and MPA (males)

Answer 68

amygdala

Question 69

Lesions of accessory ___ ____ disrupt the Lee-Boot, Whitten, and Bruce effects

Answer 69

olfactory bulb

Question 70

# who had these findings? - Females who spent time together had synchronized menstrual cycles - Exposure to male underarm sweat induced synchronization - Females who spent time with males had shorter cycle

Answer 70

McClintock: menstrual cycles of college female s

Question 71

Androstenol (from adrenal gland; sweat) placed on necklace had no effect on social behavior of males, but ______ interactions of females with males

Answer 71

increased

Question 72

Most human behaviors are not distinctly masculine or feminine; However, _____ demands sex-specific behaviors

Answer 72

reproduction