exam two (ch.14)

Question 1

highest level of motor control involves association areas and basal ganglia which functions to

Answer 1

devise strategy

Question 2

the middle level of motor control involves the primary motor cortex and cerebellum which funtion to

Answer 2

fine tuning strategy

Question 3

execution of the motor strategy which is controlled by what structures

Answer 3

brain stem and spinal cord

Question 4

_____ system influences all levels of the motor system

Answer 4

somatosensory

Question 5

lateral pathways have cortical control and they do what movements

Answer 5

voluntary movements of distal limbs

Question 6

ventromedial pathways of the brain stem control

Answer 6

postural muscles

Question 7

the rubrospinal tract originates in ___ ___ (midbrain)

Answer 7

red nucleus

Question 8

what motor pathways controls posture and locomotion in the brain

Answer 8

vestibulospinal and tectospinal and pontine reticulospinal and medullary recticulospinal

Question 9

motor pathway that is ventromedila and does head balance and head turning

Answer 9

vestibulospinal

Question 10

motor pathway that is ventromedial and does orienting response

Answer 10

tectospinal

Question 11

the ventriomedial pathways originate where

Answer 11

brain stem

Question 12

ventromedial pathway that enhances antigravity
reflexes of the spinal
cord (maintain
standing)

Answer 12

pontine reticulospinal

Question 13

ventromedial pathway that liberates antigravity
muscles from reflex
(opposite of the other
tract)

Answer 13

medullary reticulospinal

Question 14

area 4 in the motor cortex is commonly called

Answer 14

primary motor cortex or M1

Question 15

area 6 in the motor cortex is commonly called

Answer 15

higher motor area

Question 16

the lateral region of the higher motor area is the ___ ____; the medial region is _____

Answer 16

premotor area and supplementary motor area

Question 17

Microstimulation of prescribed
area of M1 normally elicits
whisker movement; Cut nerve that supplies whisker
muscles; Microstimulation now causes forelimb movement, this is an example of?

Answer 17

neuroplasticity (rewiring M1)

Question 18

area 5 and 7 are involved in _____ somatosensory processing

Answer 18

complex

Question 19

posterior pariteal (Area 5 and 7) dysfunction characterized by inability to identify objects by feeling them
even though sense of touch appears otherwise normal

Answer 19

astereoagnosia

Question 20

results from posterior parietal lesion;
part of the body or world is completely ignored

Answer 20

neglect syndrome

Question 21

consolidates inputs
from somatosensory areas 1, 2 and 3

Answer 21

area 5

Question 22

Inputs from higher-
order visual cortical areas such as MT

Answer 22

area 7

Question 23

Abstract thought, decision making and anticipating consequences of action

Answer 23

prefrontal cortex

Question 24

area where signals turned into commands specifying how actions will be performed

Answer 24

area 6

Question 25

area 6 (pre motor) also contains _____ neurons

Answer 25

mirror

Question 26

outputs to the alpha motor neurons from M1 come from pyramidal cells in layer

Answer 26

V

Question 27

Activity of M1 neurons encode _____ and _____ of movement

Answer 27

force and direction

Question 28

Activity of each cell:
Represents a single “vote” and the direction of movement is dictated by a ____ ____ in M1

Answer 28

population vector

Question 29

what brain structure does selection and initiation of “motivated” movements

Answer 29

basal ganglia

Question 30

the basal ganglia recieves input from all aread of the neocortex and limbic cortex including ___ ____ and the ___ ____ from substantia nigra

Answer 30

motor cortex and dopaminergic system

Question 31

B.G motor loop has an excitatory connection from ____ to ____

Answer 31

cortex to putamen

Question 32

cortical activation to basal ganglia ___ putamen which inhibits ___ ____

Answer 32

excites; globus pallidus

Question 33

excitation of globus pallidus results in

Answer 33

release of VLo (thalamus) from inhibition (off switch turned on)

Question 34

VLo activity in turn stimulates activity in ____

Answer 34

SMA (supplementary motor area)

Question 35

what disease is characterized by trouble initiating willed movements due to increased inhibition of the thalamus of basal ganglia

Answer 35

parkinsons

Question 36

L-dopa works to facilitate production of dopmaine to increase ____ activity

Answer 36

SMA

Question 37

Uncontrolled movements due to decreased inhibition of the thalamus by basal ganglia; Loss of neurons in caudate, putamen, globus pallidus (also
cortex

Answer 37

huntingtons

Question 38

the vermis of the cerebellum contributes to ____ pathways; axial musculature

Answer 38

ventromedial

Question 39

the cerebellar hemispheres contribute to ____ pathways; limb movements

Answer 39

lateral

Question 40

the motor loop through the lateral cerebellum allows for proper execution of ___ ____ multi joint movements

Answer 40

planned, volunatry

Question 41

Axons from layer V
pyramidal cells in the
sensorimotor cortex
(Areas 4, 6, and sensory
cortex) form massive
projections to pons which
then projects to the
cerebellum

Answer 41

pontine nuclei

Question 42

cerebellum projects through the thalamus to the

Answer 42

motor cortex

Question 43

there is an ___ connection from cortex to putamen

Answer 43

excitatory

Question 44

exciting the putamen inhibits the ___ ____

Answer 44

globus pallidus

Question 45

when the globus pallidus is inhibited there is the release of _____ from inhibition

Answer 45

VLo (thalamus)

Question 46

when VLo is switched on what happens

Answer 46

activity will begin in SMA; which focuses behavior

Question 47

there is also an _____ pathway that antagonizes diect pathway of motor function (they work together to select appropriate movements)m

Answer 47

indirect