Exam Questions

Question 1

How can researchers use the foot-in-the-door technique to increase participant participation in adopting diet diary?

Answer 1

The foot-in-the-door technique refers to convincing individuals to make a small commitment toward a cause, because this small commitment increases the likelihood of a larger commitment toward the same cause in the future. If the participants make a small commitment toward diet diaries (signing a petition), according to the foot-in-the-door technique, they will be more likely to adopt a diet diary in the future.

Question 2

explain self-servicing bias

Answer 2

Self-serving bias suggests that when explaining their own behavior, individuals attribute positive behaviors to internal, stable sources, but attribute negative behaviors to external sources.

Question 3

cognitive dissonance

Answer 3

when an individual’s attitudes are incongruent with his or her behavior, this leads to cognitive dissonance

Question 4

how does one eliminate cognitive dissonance, according to cognitive dissonance theory?

Answer 4

To eliminate cognitive dissonance, the individual can either change his or her attitudes or his or her behavior. The theory posits that individuals are more likely to adjust their attitudes to align with their behavior than the other way around.

Question 5

independent variable

Answer 5

experimental factor that is manipulated; variable whose effect is being studied

Question 6

dependent variable

Answer 6

variable being tested and measured in an experiment

Question 7

reference group

Answer 7

any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior,

Question 8

secondary group

Answer 8

a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding

Question 9

out-group

Answer 9

a group that people do not feel connected to

Question 10

social group

Answer 10

general term that refers to a collection of people with common identity and regular interaction, is not as specific as a reference group

Question 11

morphine

Answer 11

endorphin agonist

Question 12

operant conditioning

Answer 12

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a consequence (whether negative or positive) for that behavior

Question 13

classical conditioning

Answer 13

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Question 14

social learning

Answer 14

process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others

Question 15

observational learning

Answer 15

learning by observing others; also called social learning

Question 16

gender schema

Answer 16

a set of behaviors organized around how either a male or female should think and behave

Question 17

gender script

Answer 17

organized information regarding order of actions appropriate to familiar situation

Question 18

gender conditioning

Answer 18

means by which gender roles are established

Question 19

positve reinforcement

Answer 19

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. (ex: treat to dog)

Question 20

negative reinforcement

Answer 20

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (ex: removing noxious stimuli ie alarm clock)

Question 21

reinforcement

Answer 21

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 22

punishment

Answer 22

in operant conditioning, an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Question 23

positive punishment

Answer 23

Decreasing behaviors by the administration of a unpleasant stimulus

Question 24

negative punishment

Answer 24

Decreasing behaviors by the removal of a pleasant stimulus

Question 25

anterograde memory

Answer 25

memory for long-term events that have occurred after brain damage

Question 26

retrograde memory

Answer 26

memory for events that occurred before brain damage

Question 27

semantic memory

Answer 27

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

Question 28

short-term memory

Answer 28

activated memory that holds a few items briefly (ex: 7 digits of a phone number while dialing), before the information is stored or forgotten

Question 29

James-Lange Theory

Answer 29

Physiological arousal precedes the identification of emotion. An individual first experiences the physiological symptoms of a given emotion and then labels this emotion.

Question 30

functionalism

Answer 30

all aspects of a society—institutions, roles, norms, etc—serve a purpose and that all are indispensable for the long-term survival of the society

Question 31

conflict theory

Answer 31

society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for limited resources

Question 32

symbolic interactionism

Answer 32

society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another

Question 33

social constructionism

Answer 33

explores how individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality; people actively shape their reality through social interaction

Question 34

aversive conditioning

Answer 34

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

Question 35

operant extinction

Answer 35

process by which a previously reinforced behavior is weakened by withholding reinforcement

Question 36

token economy

Answer 36

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

Question 37

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 37

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response

Question 38

recency effect

Answer 38

tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information (ex: items presented at the end of a series)

Question 39

proactive interference

Answer 39

the disruptive effect of earlier information interfering with memory for later information

Question 40

primacy effect

Answer 40

tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows

Question 41

retroactive interference

Answer 41

the disruptive effect of later information interfering with memory for earlier information

Question 42

Weber's Law

Answer 42

minimum amount by which stimulus intensity must be changed in order to produce a noticeable variation in sensory experience (difference threshold)/initial stimulus intensity

Question 43

meritocracy

Answer 43

a system in which societal rewards, status, and positions are awarded to individuals based on their own ability and work

Question 44

Draw Ethyl Acetate (Ethyl Ethanoate).

Answer 44

Question 45

Draw Methyl Cyclohexanecarboxylate

Answer 45

Question 46

Draw Ethanamide (Acetamide)

Answer 46

Question 47

Draw N-methyl Propanamide.

Answer 47

Question 48

Draw N,N-dimethyl Butanamide.

Answer 48

Question 49

Draw N,4-dimethyl Benzamide

Answer 49

Question 50

When talking about Lactams (and their closely related Lactones), what do the greek letter (e.g. β) signify? (A) Number of members in the ring (B) Number of Carbons that are not part of the carboxylic acid derivative (C) Number of Carbons including the carboxylic acid derivative (D) Number of atoms bound together

Answer 50

(B) Number of Carbons that are not part of the carboxylic acid derivative For example, that β-lactam has two carbons that aren't part of the carboxylic acid.

Question 51

Answer 51

b

Question 52

Answer 52

c

Question 53

Answer 53

a

Question 54

Answer 54

c

Question 55

Answer 55

b

Question 56

Answer 56

d

Question 57

Answer 57

b

Question 58

ttok out from phys i

Question 59

Answer 59

a

Question 60

Answer 60

a

Question 61

Answer 61

a

Question 62

Answer 62

a

Question 63

Answer 63

c

Question 64

Answer 64

d

Question 65

Answer 65

c

Question 66

Answer 66

a

Question 67

Answer 67

d

Question 68

Answer 68

c

Question 69

Answer 69

b

Question 70

Answer 70

c

Question 71

Answer 71

b

Question 72

Answer 72

c