exam revision Flashcards
(33 cards)
what is stage 1 and stage two of kohlbergs moral development?
its the pre-conventional level which is early childhood
stage 1 is punishment and obedience. They see that obeying rules is important to avoid punishment and wrong and right is determined by the physical consequences
stage 2 is naive reward orientation
it states that obeying rules is important to gain rewards and children will do things to benefit themselves but realise that other have needs to meet as well
what is stage 3 and 4 of kohlbergs moral development?
this is the conventional stage which is to do with late childhood and adolescence
stage 3 is good girl/boy orientation
right or wrong is determined by gaining approval of others and striving to be nice
stage 4 is authority orientation
right and wrong is determined by respecting authority and obeying the rules put in place by society
what is stage 5 and 6 of kohlbergs moral development?
this is called post-conventional and is to do with adulthood
stage 5 is social contract orientation
societies was are seen to be important to follow for the maintenance of law and order, but they can be fallible and open to change. rules can be agreed upon by society and will consider both the legal and moral side
stage 6 is individual principles and conscience orientation
rules are only there to guide us but should not be the only thing to influence a decision
an individual may be guided by universal ethical principles
evaluation of kohlbergs theory
positives:
studies testing kohlberfs theory supported the order of the stages
longitudinal studies have founf that people do go through these stages
concerns:
people may never reach level 6
possible to skip stages
dilemas used bay be too complex
whats typical development
When behaviours, skills or abilities fall within the expected range of development or progress at a similar pace compared to peers of the same age
what is typical behaviour
Patterns of behaviour that are expected of an individual or that conform to standards of what is acceptable for a given situation.
what is atypical behaviour
When behaviours, skills or abilities fall outside the expected range of development or progress at a different pace compared to similar aged peers
what is maturation
he physical growth and development of the body, brain and nervous system at fairly predictable stages in the lifespan.
what are development norms
A period of time in which the majority of people develop certain skills or abilities
what are critical periods
A short period of time in the lifespan to be exposed to certain environmental stimuli for development to occur, if exposure does not take place within this time, learning will be difficult and most likely not achieved.
what is the nature vs nurture findings
Although we may be born with certain capacities (genetics), environmental forces play a crucial role in determining how these capacities actually develop – or whether they develop at all.
what is psychosocial development
The interactions between cognitive and social processes throughout the lifespan that affect development and growth
what is stage one of eriksons psychological crises across a lifespan
age 0-1
infant
trust vs mistrust
if needs are met, infants should gain optimism if they are not met they might develop insecurities
what is stage 2 of eriksons psychological crises across a lifespan
1-3 years toddler
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
encouragement to act independently (which toy to play with) if they are denied they might doubt their independence
what is stage 3 of eriksons psychological crises across a lifespan
3-6 pre-schooler
initiative vs. guilt
while interactions and playing initiative is attained guilt may be experienced if child is rejected or punished
what is stage 4 of eriksons psychological crises across a lifespan
6-12 primary schooler
industry vs inferiority
if they fell a sense of pride, they will develop industy if they feel inadequate they develop inferiority
what is stage 5 of eriksons psychological crises across a lifespan
12-18 adolescent
indentity vs role confusion
identity involves holding a strong belief of who you are if a person lacks this storng sense they may feel uncertain abiout their role
what is stage 6 of eriksons psychological crises across a lifespan
19-30 young adult
intimacy vs isolation
involves young adults to develop relationships and imtimacy is achieved if not isolation may occur and they might feel like they are lacking connections
what is stage 7 of eriksons psychological crises across a lifespan
30-64 middle aged
generativity vs self absorption
generativity is when a person evaluates their actions that has contributed to the development(raising children) stagnation involves disconnecting from community if they focus too much on themselves
what is stage 8 of eriksons psychological crises across a lifespan
65+ older adult
integrity vs despair
integrity when a person succeeded/achieved their goals. Despair is experienced when a person looks back with no regret and no pride due to them not completing what they wanted to achieve
whats the mnemonic to help remember this
the Angry Iguana Is In Ireland Growing Ice.
how many stages are in piagets theory of cognitive development
4
what is the first stage of piagets
sensorimotor
0-2 years
goal directed behviour
object permanence
whats the second stage of piagets
pre-operational
2-7
egocentrism
animism
symbolic thinking
