UNIT 1 AOS 1

Question 1

What are the three main areas of psychological development?

Answer 1

cognitive, social and emotional development

Question 2

what is cognitive development?

Answer 2

Cognitive Development involves changes in an individual’s mental abilities, including their thinking, learning, imagination, perception, reasoning and decision-making, memory, ability to problem solve and use of language.

Question 3

what is social development?

Answer 3

Social development involves changes in a person’s ability to interact with other people and function as a member of society, such as the ability to form and maintain close relationships and acquire related skills such as sharing, language and interpersonal skills

Question 4

What is emotional development?

Answer 4

Emotional development changes in how a person experiences, interprets and expresses the full range of emotions, and their ability to cope with them appropriately.

Question 5

What does it mean by heredity(nature)

Answer 5

Characteristics that are ‘inherited’ from our biological parents. They influence physical development.

Question 6

what does it mean by environmental (nurture)

Answer 6

Refer to environmental factors that influence psychological development.

Question 7

nature and nurture egs

Answer 7

nature:blood type,hair co lour, eye colour, taste, genetic conditions
nurture:parenting style, relationships,careers,schooling

Question 8

What is Maturation?

Answer 8

Physical changes that occur across the lifespan (biological factors). Changes occur automatically as the body matures.

Question 10

What are sensitive periods?

Answer 10

A period of time where an individual is more responsive (sensitive) to certain types of environmental experiences or learning.

Question 11

What are critical periods?

Answer 11

Refers to times of specific sensitivity to certain environmental factors. These periods tend to have abrupt start and end periods.

Question 12

what is an experience-expectant learning?

Answer 12

: Refers to situations in that all members of this specie, would experience normally. This plays a vital role in the development of the nervous system. Deprivation of these experiences can result in permanent effects, and greater difficulty in acquiring these skills at a later time.
Example: Learning to speak your native language.

Question 13

experience-dependent learning

Answer 13

This refers to a form of learning that can occur at any time in an individual’s life. This will vary between individuals as it depends on their unique experiences in life. However, if a person misses an experience-dependent learning opportunity during a sensitive period, it can be harder to acquire this skill later.
Example: Learning to read and write in your native language.

Question 14

what is the ainsworth and the strange situation method

Answer 14

Ainsworth investigated the differences between the quality of attachment. To test this, she devised the Strange Situation Method.

Question 15

findings from the strange situation method secure

Answer 15

secure-explore unfamiliar room with an orientation towards mother
behavior when mother leaves-some discomfort
stranger anxiety-comfortable with stranger when mother is present
when mother returns-greeted positively
mothers behavior-supportive

Question 16

findings from the strange situation method avoidant-secure

Answer 16

exploring: no orientation to mother when exploring
mother leaves: unconcerned with her absence
stranger: comfortable with stranger
return mother:uninterested
behavior of mother: rejected/ignored infant

Question 17

findings from the strange situation method resistant insecure

Answer 17

exploring:unconcerned
mother leaves:intense distress
stranger:uncomfortable with stranger
behaviour when mother returns:rejects her
behaviour of mother:inconsistent

Question 18

assimilation meaning with regards to piaget

Answer 18

The process whereby new experiences are combined with existing schemata (basic blocks of knowledge). For example, learning what a car is and referring to all motor vehicles as cars.

Question 19

accommodation meaning with regards to piaget

Answer 19

: When a child has a new experience, it causes the schemata to change or modify. For example, learning the difference between a truck and a car.

Question 20

what are the 4 stages of cognitive development

Answer 20

sensorimotor-birth-2 years coordination of motor impulses and develop object permanence
preoperational stage 2-7 years irreversibility and egocentrism
concreate operational-7-11 years mastery of conversation and mental operations used.
formal operational 11-adulthood development of abstract ideas logical systematic thinking

Question 21

snesiorimotor stage 0-2

Answer 21

Object permanence: Understanding that an object continues to exist even though it can’t be seen or touched. E.g playing peek a boo.
Goal-directed behaviour: Performing a behaviour with a particular purpose in mind. E.g putting toys away in a drawer.

Question 22

preoperational stage

eadtcr

Answer 22

symbolic thinking
egocentrism
animism
decentring
transformation
centration
reversibility

Question 23

concrete operational stage 7-11

Answer 23

Conservation of mass: Idea that an object does not change in mass when it changes shape or appearance.

Conservation of volume:
Idea that an object does not change in volume when poured into a shorter, wider glass or a taller, thinner glass.

Classification: Ability to organise information into categories.

Reversibility: Understanding that an action can be done and then undone.

Question 24

formal operational stage

Answer 24

Abstract thinking:
Don’t need to be able to visually see things in order to understand them
Also involves ability to develop ideas based on own morals and beliefs
Logical thinking: Ability to develop strategies to solve problems, develop hypotheses etc…

Question 25

what is eriksons model of psychosocial development and what is a psychosocial crises

Answer 25

Erikson divided the lifespan into eight stages, each stage contains a ‘psychosocial crisis’. Psychosocial crisis: Refers to a problem or challenge which a person must deal with in order to develop positive traits in the future. Erikson believed that if the person did not deal with the crisis, negative traits would develop

Question 26

what are all 8 stages of eriksons theory

Answer 26

trust vs mistrust autonomy vs.shame and doubt initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority identity vs role confusion intimacy vs isolation generativity vs stagnation integrity vs dispair

Question 27

what stage is eriksons first stage

Answer 27

trust vs mistrust o-18 months Infants are completely dependent on others, usually receive warmth, love and physical care and attention from caregiver-enables development of trust. Inconsistency in care can result in sense of mistrust.

Question 28

what is eriksons 2nd stage

Answer 28

autonomy vs shame and doubt 18mnths-3 years Autonomy refers to children wanting to explore independence in their mental and motor abilities. When provided with freedom to explore their world, they may be proud of themselves. If caregivers are overprotective, being restrained or punished, the child may develop shame and doubt.

Question 29

whats eriksons 3rd stage

Answer 29

initiative vs guilt 3-5 years Parents will encourage initiative in children by allowing them freedom to play, act questions and choose activities. If parents criticise/stop children from playing, they may develop guilt.

Question 30

what is eriksons 4th stage

Answer 30

industry vs inferiority 5-12 years Children become interested in how things are made/done. Encouragement of this may result in industry. If children are critiqued and their work considered messy or inadequate, they may develop feelings of inferiority.

Question 31

eriksons 5th stage

Answer 31

identity vs, role confusion 12-18 yrs Adolescents consider who they are and what they want to do with their lives, they begin to develop their own identity based on values, interests, culture etc… Adolescents that don’t develop this will experience role confusion.

Question 32

eriksons 6th stage

Answer 32

intimacy vs isolation 18-25 years During this stage, young adults seek to develop deep friendships/relationships. If someone attains intimacy, this refers to the ability to care for others and share experiences with them. This can only be achieved if a person already has a stable identity. An inability to develop deep relationships in this phase may lead to isolation.

Question 33

eriksons 7th stage

Answer 33

generativity vs. stagnation 25-65 Adults choose whether they should make a contribution to others’ lives or be only concerned about themselves. Those that assist/care for the next generation demonstrate generativity. Those who are self-absorbed and fail to contribute may feel stagnation.

Question 34

eriksons 8th stage

Answer 34

integrity vs. despair 65+ Adults who feel they made the right choices in life may feel a sense of integrity, this an lead to wisdom and the recognition that death is inevitable. If an adult feels unhappy about the life they led and missed opportunities, they may experience despair or regret.

Question 35

kohlbergs theory of moral development stages and substages

Answer 35

preconventional stage-early childhood -punishment and obedience -naive reward orientation conventional stage-late childhood and adolescence -good boy/girl orientation -authority orientation post conventional stage-adulthood -social contract orientation -individual principle and conscience

Question 36

what is the first main heading for kohlberg and 2 subheadings

Answer 36

preconventional stage punishment and obedience Child believes that obeying rules is important to avoid punishment naive reward orientation Obeying rules is important to gain rewards The child can separate their own points of view from the points of view of authority figures

Question 37

what is the second main heading for kohlberg and 2 subheadings

Answer 37

conventional stage good girl/boy orientation Right and wrong are determined by gaining approval of others and striving to be ‘nice’ Large amount of conformity authority orientation Right and wrong are determined by respecting authority and obeying the rules and laws put in place by society Children feel it is their duty to uphold the rules of the social system and maintain the welfare of the whole society

Question 38

what is the third main heading for kohlberg and 2 subheadings

Answer 38

post conventional stage social contract orientation Society’s laws are seen to be important to follow for the maintenance of law and order, but they can be fallible and open to change. Rules can be altered is agreed upon by society individual principles and conscience orientation Individuals beliefs may not always be consistent with society’s laws. If conscience is inconsistent with the law on issues such as human rights, justice and fairness, then it is acceptable to follow conscience rather than the law. Rules are their to guide us but should not be the only thing to influence a decision