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A&P 2 > Exam Three > Flashcards

Exam Three Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A

transport
Protect
regulate

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2
Q

matrix

A

plasma

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3
Q

formed elements

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Platelets

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4
Q

Serum

A

remaining flood after blood clot

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5
Q

Blood Plasma Proteins

A

albumin
globulin
fibrinogen

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6
Q

Albumin

A

small, most abundant

buffers ph, blood volume, pressure, and flow

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7
Q

fibrinogen

A

frame work of a blood clot

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8
Q

viscosity

A

resistance of flow, bc of cohesion of particles

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9
Q

Osmolarity

A

molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass thru blood vessel wall

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10
Q

hemopoiesis

A

production of blood

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11
Q

erythropoiesis

A

production of Erythrocytes (RBC)

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12
Q

functions of RBC

A

devoid internal structures

fermentation of ATP

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13
Q

characteristics of RBC

A

discoidal cell w a biconcave shape and think rim

cytoplasm of hemoglobin

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14
Q

hemoglobin carry how many oxygen

A

4

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15
Q

most common measurements

A

hematocrit
hemoglobin concentation
RBC count

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16
Q

RBC life cycle

A

live 120 days- produce 1mil/sec

reduction in cell size
increase in cell number
synthesis of hemoglobin
loss of nucleus and organelles

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17
Q

primary polycythemia

A

due to cancer of erythropoietic line of the red bone marrow

RBC counts 11 million

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18
Q

secondary polycythemia

A

all other causes (dehydration, high altitudes, exercise)

RBC counts 6-8 million

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19
Q

anemia

A

deficiency of RBCs

result–kidney failure

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20
Q

non nutritional anemia

A

hypoplastic anemia decline in erythropoiesis

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21
Q

aplastic anemia

A

cessation of erythropoiesis leads to tissue necrosis and blackening of skin

deadly if not treated

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22
Q

nutritional anemia

A

iron deficiency anemia

most common

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23
Q

pernicious anemia

A

deficiency of B12

rare, but not vegetarians

old age– stomach deterioration

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24
Q

sickle cell disease

A

hereditary hemoglobin defect

Africa

recessive allel modifies hemoglobin

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25
antigen
molecules that are unique to everyone (except twins)
26
antibodies
proteins created by immune system as response to foreign matter
27
WBCs characteristics
least nuclei stain purple retain organelles thru out life
28
types of WBCs
granulocytes | Agranulocytes
29
leukopenia
low WBC count lead, arsenic, and mercury poisoning
30
leukocytosis
high WBC count indicated infection, allergy, or disease
31
leukemia
cancer of hemopoietic tissue, high amounts of WBCs
32
myeloid leukemia
uncontrolled granulocyte production
33
Leukopoiesis
forming of WBCs in bone marrow in adult bones and hematopoietic organs on fetus
34
acute
appears suddenly
35
chronic
develops slowly
36
hemostasis
cessation of bleeding
37
platelet functions
secret vasoconstrictors form platelet plugs initiate clot dissolving enzymes internalize and destroy bacteria
38
thrombocytopenia
formation of platelets
39
3 homeostasis mechanisms
vascular spasm platelet plug formation coagulation
40
vascular spasm
prompt constriction of broken blood vessel
41
platelet plug formation
platelets adhere to vessel creating a mass that reduces or stops bleeding
42
coagulation
clotting of blood
43
fibrinolysis
dissolution of clot
44
controls to prevent inappropriate clotting
platelet repulsion dilution anticoagulants
45
hemophilia
hereditary diseases characterized by deficiency of a factor
46
hemophilia missing A B C
A missing 8 B missing 9 C missing 11
47
thrombosis
unwanted blood clotting in an uninjured vessel
48
2 divisions of cardiovascular system
pulmonary circuit | systemic circuit
49
pulmonary circuit
carries blood to lungs for gas exchange & returns it to the heart supplied by right half of heart
50
Systemic circuit
supplies blood to every organ of the body supplied by left side of heart
51
pericardium
double walled sac that encloses the heart
52
three layers of the heart
epicardoum myocardium endocardium
53
epicardium
serous membrane covering heart inner layer
54
myocardium
preforms work of the heart spiral formation
55
heart chambers
2 superior *right & left atria 2 inferior * right & left ventricles
56
angina pectoris
sense of heaviness or pain in chest
57
myocardial infraction
sudden death of patch of myocardium, long term obstruction of coronary circulation
58
cardiocytes
striated short, thick cells on nucleus gap junction allows ion to flow between cells autorhythmic repair cells , fibrosis
59
conduction system
coordinates heartbeat internal pacemaker and conduction pathways
60
process of conduction system
SA node (pacemaker) initiates each heartbeat & determines the rate signals travel from SA node throughout atria AV node sends signals to ventricles down apex
61
systole
contraction
62
diastole
relaxation
63
sinus rhythm
normal heartbeat triggered by SA node
64
ectopic focus
any region of spontaneous firing NOT caused by SA node
65
nodal rhythm
spontaneous firing from AV node
66
arrhythmias
any abnormal cardiac rhythm
67
atrial flutter
ectopic focus in the atria that set off extra contractions
68
premature ventricle contraction
Singles or bursts as a result of early firing of an ectopic focus
69
Ventricle Fibrillation
electrical signals diff places diff times
70
Defibrillation
emergency procedure heart is given strong electrical shock in hopes of depolarizing the myocardium and stopping fibrillation
71
parts of an EKG
P wave QRS complex ST segment T wave
72
P wave
SA node fires, atria depolarize and contract
73
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization | spike
74
ST segment
Ventricle Systole | plateau in myocardial action potential
75
T wave
Ventricle repolarization and relaxation
76
Valvular
cusps stiffened, opening constricted by scar tissue overworked heart
77
heart murmur
abnormal heart sounds, backward flow of blood
78
mitral valve proplapse
insufficiency cusps bulge into atria during contraction
79
phases of cardiac cycle
isovolumetric contraction isovolumetric relaxation ventricular ejection ventricular filling
80
ventricular filling
diastole ventricles expand pressure drops AV valves open blood flows to ventricles
81
isovolumetric contraction
atria repolarixe and relax, remain in diastole for rest of cardiac cycle ventricles depolarize, create QRS complex n contract
82
ventricular ejection
ventricular pressure forces semilunar valves open creating plateau and t waves
83
isovolumetric relaxation
diastole T wave ends ,ventricles expand
84
cardiac output
amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute CO= heart rate X stroke volume
85
Cardiac reserve
difference between the maximum and resting cardiac output
86
tachycardia
persistence, resting adult hear rate about 100 bmp
87
bradycardia
persistence, resting adult heart rate below 60 bpm
88
stroke volume
amount of blood ejected by 1 ventricle w each beat
89
stroke volume variables
perload contractility afterload
90
preload
amount of tension in ventricular myocardium before contraction
91
contractility
how hard the myocardium contracts from preload
92
afterload
sum of all forces opposing ejection of blood from ventricles

A&P 2 (13 decks)

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