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Health Assessment > Eye Assessment > Flashcards

Eye Assessment Flashcards

0
Q

Palpebral fissure

A

Almond shaped open space between eye lids

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1
Q

Function of eyelids

A

Loose mandible folds of skin that cover the eye, protect it from foreign bodies, regulate light entrance, distribute tears

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2
Q

Limbus

A

Border between the cornea and sclera

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3
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Thin mucous membrane that lines the inner eyelid and also covers the sclera

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4
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A

Consist of the lacrimal gland, punctum, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct

Protects and lubricates the cornea and conjunctiva by producing and draining tears

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5
Q

Superior rectus

A

Elevates the eye upwards and adducts and rotates the eye medially

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6
Q

Inferior rectus

A

Rotates the eye downward and adducts and rotates the eye medially

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7
Q

Lateral rectus

A

Moves the eye laterally (toward the temple)

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8
Q

Medial rectus

A

Moves the eye medially

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9
Q

Superior oblique

A

Turns the eye downward and abducts and rotates the eye laterally

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10
Q

Inferior oblique

A

Turns the eye upward and abducts and turns the eye laterally

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11
Q

Eye has three layers of tissue

A
  1. Outer fibrous layer contains sclera and cornea
  2. Vascular middle composed of iris, ciliary body and choroids
  3. Inner neutral layer is the retina
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12
Q

Sclera

A

Helps maintain the size and shape of the eye

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13
Q

Cornea

A

Allows light rays to enter the eye

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14
Q

Iris

A

Regulates the amount of light that enters the pupil

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15
Q

Pupil

A

Opens and closes to allow light into the eye

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16
Q

Pupil size can range from

A

3-5 mm

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17
Q

Lens

A

Sits directly behind the pupil, refracts and focuses the light on to the retina

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18
Q

Ciliary body

A

Produces aqueous humor and contains muscle that controls the shape of the lens

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19
Q

Choroids

A

Network of blood vessels to the eye

Covers recessed portion of the eye

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20
Q

Interior eye has three chambers

A

Anterior, posterior and vitreous

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21
Q

Anterior chamber

A

Space between the cornea in the front and iris and lens in the back

Contains aqueous humor; produced by ciliary body amount varies to maintain eye pressure

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22
Q

Posterior chamber

A

Starts behind the iris and goes to the lens

Filled with aqueous humor to help nourish the cornea and lens

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23
Q

Vitreous chamber

A

Adjacent to the inner retinal layer and the lens

Filled with vitreous fluid, gel like, holds retina in place and maintains shape of the eyeball

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24
Q

Retina

A

Innermost layer of eye, receives and transmit visual stimuli to the brain for processing.

Contains photoreceptors; rods and cones

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25
Q

Rods

A

Outer edge of retina, primary responsible for vision in low light and varying shades of black and white

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26
Q

Cones

A

Concentrated centrally

Adapted to bright light and produces color and sharp images

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27
Q

Optic disc

A

Opening for the optic nerve head

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28
Q

Macula

A

Area with greatest concentration of cones

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29
Q

Pregnant women

A

Common problem is
dry eyes due to decreased conjunctival capillaries
Corneal curvature increases, loss of accommodation
Visual field changes may occur possibly the pituitary gland affecting the optic nerve
Decreased inter ocular pressure is significant if the woman has glaucoma
Chloasma may result from increased progesterone levels

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30
Q

Newborn and infants

A

Visual system is least matured compared to others
Vision reaches adult level by 4-5 years old

Newborns are sensitive to light and often keep eyes closed
Limited ability to focus but able to track at 3 months

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31
Q

In infants the pupils are?

A

Reactive to light
Blink reflex is intact
Corneal reflex is easily stimulated

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32
Q

Reflex tearing is present at birth but emotional tearing is present by?

A

3 months

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33
Q

Visual acuity ranges from ?

A

20/20 to 20/40 normally

Depth perception develops throughout childhood

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34
Q

How does the eye structure and vision change in older adults?

A

Eyelids droop
Eyes sit further back in orbit due to loss of subcutaneous fat
Conjunctiva are thinner and may appear yellow
Iris may have irregular pigmentation
Tearing decreases

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35
Q

Because pupil is smaller is older adults, there is a loss of?

A

accommodation, decreased night vision, and decreased depth of perception

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36
Q

In older adults, the lens?

A

Enlarges and transparency decreases, making vision less acute

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37
Q

Does gradual vision loss require emergent medical attention?

A

No, but is significant

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38
Q

Rapid assessment of the eye includes assessing for?

A

Foreign bodies, lacerations, hyphema, testing extraocular movements and examine the optic disc

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39
Q

Risk factors for eye problems?

A

Family history, trauma, illnesses, occupational hazard

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40
Q

Leading causes of new cases of blindness

A 
Age related macular degeneration
Glaucoma 
Diabetic retinopathy 
Cataracts
Optic nerve atrophy
41
Q

Diabetes mellitus increases risk for?

A

Diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, cataracts

42
Q

Common eye symptoms

A

Pain, trauma, visual change, blind spots,floaters, halos, discharge, change in ADLs

43
Q

Loss of night time vision is associated with?

A

Optiathrophy, glaucoma and vitamin A deficiency

44
Q

Discharge in eyes is associated with?

A

Inflammation or infection

45
Q

Ophthalmoscope

A

Used to inspect interior ocular structures

46
Q

In what order do you examine infected eye?

A

Last

47
Q

Optic nerve II

A

Visual acuity
Visual fields
Fundoscopic examination

48
Q

Optic nerve III

A

Occulomotor

Cordial fields of gaze
Eyelid inspection
Pupil reaction

49
Q

Cranial nerve IV

A

Trochlear

Cardinal fields of gaze

50
Q

Cranial nerve VI

A

Abducens

Cardinal fields of gaze

51
Q

Visual acuity test include?

A

Near vision, distance vision, peripheral vision, and color vision

52
Q

Abnormal finding in Snellen’s chart

A

Leaning forward, squinting, hesitation, misidentification or more than three of seven objects, or more than two line difference in eyes,larger number on bottom indicates diminished distance vision

53
Q

Near vision is assessed with?

A

Jaeger test, or if it isn’t available have the r dad magazine or newspaper

54
Q

Color vision is assessed with?

A

Ishihara cards or color bars on Snellen’s chart

55
Q

Visual field

A

What in the environment is visual when the eye fixates on a stationary object

56
Q

Confrontation test

A

Static or kinetic
Used to screen for visual field defects
Visual field is divided into four quadrants

57
Q

Three basic test allows for examination of extraocular muscles

A

Corneal light reflex
Cover test
Cardinal fields of gaze

58
Q

Corneal light reflex test for?

A

Strabismus

59
Q

Cover test for?

A

Presence and amount of ocular deviation

60
Q

6 cardinal fields of gaze

A

Allows nurses to detect muscle defects that cause misalignment or uncoordinated eye movement

61
Q

Ptosis

A

Drooping eyelids

62
Q

If patient reports dry eyes or eye fatigue, inspect?

A

Lacrimal apparatus

63
Q

Suspect conditions for enlarged lacrimal gland?

A

Sarcoidosis disease or Sjögren’s syndrome

64
Q

Pterygium

A

Abnormal thickening of conjunctiva from limbus over the cornea

65
Q

Scleral abnormalities include?

A

Jaundice, bluing, mad drainage

66
Q

Cloudiness of lens can indicate?

A

Cataract which is associated with age, smoking, alcohol intake, and sunlight exposure

67
Q

Binocular vision develops between?

A

3 and 7 months

68
Q

How do you assess vision in infants?

A

Testing for pupillary light reflex and observing behavior

69
Q

How do you assess a toddlers visual acuity?

A

Allen’s test

Normal finding in toddlers is 20/200 bilaterally

70
Q

How do you assess vision in preschool age?

A

(3-5 years)
Snellen’s E chart
Normal finding is 20/40

71
Q

Arcus senilis

A

Grey/white circle that circumscribes the limbus and results from deposition of lipid is common cloudiness that appear around the corneas

72
Q

Asthenopia

A

Eye strain
Common symptoms

fatigue, red eyes, eyes strain, pain in or around the eyes, blurred vision, headaches, rarely, double vision

73
Q

Astigmatism

A

Abnormal curvature of the cornea prevents light from focusing on the retina. Images appear blurred

74
Q

Myopia

A

Can see objects close up but difficulty seeing distant objects

75
Q

Hyperopia

A

Distant objects are seen clear and close up objects are blurry

76
Q

Presbyopia

A

Natural part of aging and affects near vision

77
Q

Nystagmus

A

Involuntary rhythmic wobbling of the eyes

78
Q

Strabismus

A

Cross eyed or wall eyed

Condition in which a person cannot align both eyes simultaneously

79
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowing of sclera, indicates liver disease

80
Q

Iris Nevus

A

Affects one side, abnormalities in iris, pain and decreased vision may also have glaucoma on same side

81
Q

Hyphema

A

Blood in anterior chamber of eye, blunt trauma

82
Q

Bleparitis

A

Inflammation of the margin of the eyelid, anterior or posterior

83
Q

Chalazion

A

Cyst in the eyelid

84
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Should be suspected if there is yellow/green discharge, numerous follicles, constant burning, photophobia

85
Q

Allergic conjunctivitis

A

Usually bilateral
Common with ectopic conditions
Slightly watery discharge and itching of the eye

86
Q

Glaucoma

A

Disease of the optic nerve that involves loss of retinal ganglion cells. Significant risk factor is inter ocular pressure
Primary
Secondary
Developmental

87
Q

Amblyopia

A

Lazy eye

Vision in one eye is reduced because the eye and brain are not working together

88
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Protrusion of the eyeball anteriorly out of the socket, commonly from graves disease

89
Q

Cataracts

A

Opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye

90
Q

Hordelum

A

Caused by a blockage and infection of sebaceous gland at the base of the eyelash

91
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Blue sclera

92
Q

Anisocoria

A

Unequal pupils

93
Q

Argyle Robertson

A

Bilateral pupils accommodate but do not dilate

94
Q

Key hole pupil

A

Gap appears in the iris

95
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

Constricted pupil and dilation lag on affected side

96
Q

Adie’s pupil

A

Pupils are fixed, dilated, and tonic. Direct and consensual pupil reactions are weak or absent

97
Q

Miosis

A

Pupils are constricted and fixed

Occurs with eye drops for glaucoma, iritis, brain damage to pons, narcotic drug use

98
Q

Mydriasis (dilated fixed pupil)

A

Usually from stimulation of sympathetic nerves as a consequence of CNS injury, cardiac arrest, deep anesthesia, acute glaucoma, or recent trauma

99
Q

Oculomotor damage

A

Unilateral dilated pupil has no reaction to light or accommodation

Health Assessment (11 decks)

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