Heart And Neck Vessels Assessment

Question 0

What is the top of the heart referred to as?

Answer 0

Base: found at 2nd intercostal space at the sternal border

Question 1

Where is the heart and great vessels located?

Answer 1

Mediastinum between lungs and above the diaphragm from the center to the left of the thorax

Question 2

What is the bottom of the heart referred to as?

Answer 2

Apex: found in the fifth intercostal space midclavicular

Question 3

What is included in the arterial great vessels?

Answer 3

Carotid arteries, aorta, pulmonary veins

Question 4

What are the venous great vessels?

Answer 4

Jugular veins, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and pulmonary arteries

Question 5

Where are the great vessels located?

Answer 5

Superior to the heart and then turn to the body part that they supply

Question 6

What is the function of the atria?

Answer 6

Collect and pump blood into ventricles

Question 7

What is the function of the ventricles?

Answer 7

Pump blood out to the lungs and body

Question 8

What is the function of the septum?

Answer 8

Separates the left and right sides of the heart

Question 9

What is the function of the two valves located on each side of the heart?

Answer 9

Open and close to allow blood to flow forward in one direction instead of going backwards during contraction

Question 10

What is the function of the two atrioventricular valves?

Answer 10

Separate the atria from the ventricle

Question 11

What is the function of the two semilunar valves?

Answer 11

Separate the ventricles from the great vessels

Question 12

Where is the pulmonic valve located?

Answer 12

Lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Question 13

Where is the aortic valve located?

Answer 13

Lies between the left ventricle and aorta

Question 14

What are the three layers of the heart?

Answer 14

Endocardium: lines the inside of the heart chambers and valves

Myocardium: thick, muscular responsible for pumping action

Epicardium: muscle layer on outside of heart

Question 15

What is the function of pericardium?

Answer 15

Encloses and protects the heart, two layers, contains a small amount of lubrication during pumping

Question 16

What does the pericardium adhere to?

Answer 16

Great vessels, esophagus, sternum, and pleurae and anchored to diaphragm

Question 17

Where do the coronary arteries arise from?

Answer 17

The base and branch out to the apex of the heart

Question 18

Which arteries supply the left side of the heart?

Answer 18

Left coronary and circumflex

Question 19

Which artery supplies the right side of the heart?

Answer 19

Right coronary artery

Question 20

What can develop in coronary arteries that could lead to MI or angina?

Answer 20

Atherosclerotic plaques

Question 21

What is the function and location of the SA node?

Answer 21

Small electrical impulse that fires in right atrium and generates the normal heartbeat

“Pacemaker”

Question 22

Why are the cells in the SA node unique?

Answer 22

Posses automaticity ( property that allows the heart to generate its own pulse)

Question 23

Which type of blood does the pulmonary artery carry?

Answer 23

Deoxygenated blood to the lungs. At the lungs, blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

Question 24

Which type of blood does the pulmonary vein deliver?

Answer 24

Oxygenated blood to the left atrium, to left ventricle then out to the body

Question 25

Cardiac cycle

Answer 25

Continuous rhythmic movement of blood during contraction and relaxation of the heart

Question 26

In a healthy person, the myocardial cells in the ventricle depolarize and contract during?

Answer 26

Systole

Question 27

P wave

Answer 27

Spread of depolarization in the atria to cause atrial contraction

Question 28

PR Interval

Answer 28

The time from firing of the SA node to the beginning of depolarization in the ventricle Includes slight pause in the AV junction

Question 29

QRS complex

Answer 29

Spread of depolarization and sodium release in the ventricles to cause ventricular contraction

Question 30

T wave

Answer 30

Relaxation of the ventricles and repolarization of the cells, with a return of sodium and restoration of the resting state

Question 31

Over stimulation of parasympathetic division can cause which kind of heart rate?

Answer 31

Bradycardia

Question 32

Over stimulation of sympathetic division can cause which kind of heart rate?

Answer 32

Tachycardia

Question 33

Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system triggers the release of? Effect on heart?

Answer 33

Epinephrine and norepinephrine Increase heart rate, contractility (to increase cardiac output), and blood pressure

Question 34

Stimulation of the parasympathetic division acts indirectly through?

Answer 34

Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

Question 35

Baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinus regulate what?

Answer 35

Heart rate

Question 36

Chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid body sense the change in?

Answer 36

pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen levels

Question 37

Accumulated acid or depleted oxygen levels stimulate? Effect on heart?

Answer 37

Chemoreceptors and increases heart rate

Question 38

Parasympathetic division triggers a decreased heart rate by stimulating?

Answer 38

Vagus nerve which innervates the SA node to slow the natural pacemaker Vagus nerve also slows conduction through AV junction which slows the heart rate

Question 39

Atrial fibrillation

Answer 39

Many sites in the atria send signals to the ventricles, ventricles contract irregularly

Question 40

Venous neck vessels reflect the pressure in the?

Answer 40

Right atrium because no valve exist between the right atrium and jugular veins

Question 41

The jugular pulse has five pulsations resulting from? The waves reflect?

Answer 41

Backward affects of activity in the heart Atrial contraction and relaxation, ventricular contraction, passive atrial and ventricular filling

Question 42

At what point does maternal blood volume increase?

Answer 42

First trimester and peaks around 40% approximately 1500 mL by 32nd to 34th week gestation

Question 43

In pregnant women, cardiac output is decreased in which position?

Answer 43

Laying supine, impedes venous return | May be significant enough to drop blood pressure

Question 44

Umbilical vein connects to the?

Answer 44

Inferior vena cava

Question 45

Blood flow from umbilical artery through? And back to mother?

Answer 45

Inferior vena cava to right atrium to foramen ovale to left atrium (bypasses lungs) to descending aorta to umbilical arteries

Question 46

By what age is child's heart similar to an adults?

Answer 46

7 and should be palpable in 5th left ICS at MCL

Question 47

With aging, the left ventricular wall? Why?

Answer 47

Thickens because increased stress of pumping blood into stiffer vessels

Question 48

When assessing for peripheral perfusion, level of consciousness and blood pressure are decreased what should the first intervention be?

Answer 48

Call rapid response team

Question 49

Evaluate the significance of volume fluid overload by?

Answer 49

Auscultating lungs, measuring respiratory rate, and obtaining oxygen saturation rate

Question 50

Premature onset of coronary artery disease is before what age for men? Women?

Answer 50

55 for men | 65 for women

Question 51

Risk factors related to family history

Answer 51

History of cardiovascular problems? Who? What illness? When did they have it? How was it treated? Outcomes? High blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, heart disease, obesity