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Health Assessment > Heart And Neck Vessels Assessment > Flashcards

Heart And Neck Vessels Assessment Flashcards

0
Q

What is the top of the heart referred to as?

A

Base: found at 2nd intercostal space at the sternal border

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1
Q

Where is the heart and great vessels located?

A

Mediastinum between lungs and above the diaphragm from the center to the left of the thorax

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2
Q

What is the bottom of the heart referred to as?

A

Apex: found in the fifth intercostal space midclavicular

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3
Q

What is included in the arterial great vessels?

A

Carotid arteries, aorta, pulmonary veins

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4
Q

What are the venous great vessels?

A

Jugular veins, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and pulmonary arteries

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5
Q

Where are the great vessels located?

A

Superior to the heart and then turn to the body part that they supply

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6
Q

What is the function of the atria?

A

Collect and pump blood into ventricles

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7
Q

What is the function of the ventricles?

A

Pump blood out to the lungs and body

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8
Q

What is the function of the septum?

A

Separates the left and right sides of the heart

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9
Q

What is the function of the two valves located on each side of the heart?

A

Open and close to allow blood to flow forward in one direction instead of going backwards during contraction

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10
Q

What is the function of the two atrioventricular valves?

A

Separate the atria from the ventricle

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11
Q

What is the function of the two semilunar valves?

A

Separate the ventricles from the great vessels

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12
Q

Where is the pulmonic valve located?

A

Lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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13
Q

Where is the aortic valve located?

A

Lies between the left ventricle and aorta

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14
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium: lines the inside of the heart chambers and valves

Myocardium: thick, muscular responsible for pumping action

Epicardium: muscle layer on outside of heart

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15
Q

What is the function of pericardium?

A

Encloses and protects the heart, two layers, contains a small amount of lubrication during pumping

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16
Q

What does the pericardium adhere to?

A

Great vessels, esophagus, sternum, and pleurae and anchored to diaphragm

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17
Q

Where do the coronary arteries arise from?

A

The base and branch out to the apex of the heart

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18
Q

Which arteries supply the left side of the heart?

A

Left coronary and circumflex

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19
Q

Which artery supplies the right side of the heart?

A

Right coronary artery

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20
Q

What can develop in coronary arteries that could lead to MI or angina?

A

Atherosclerotic plaques

21
Q

What is the function and location of the SA node?

A

Small electrical impulse that fires in right atrium and generates the normal heartbeat

“Pacemaker”

22
Q

Why are the cells in the SA node unique?

A

Posses automaticity ( property that allows the heart to generate its own pulse)

23
Q

Which type of blood does the pulmonary artery carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood to the lungs. At the lungs, blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

24
Q

Which type of blood does the pulmonary vein deliver?

A

Oxygenated blood to the left atrium, to left ventricle then out to the body

25
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Continuous rhythmic movement of blood during contraction and relaxation of the heart

26
Q

In a healthy person, the myocardial cells in the ventricle depolarize and contract during?

A

Systole

27
Q

P wave

A

Spread of depolarization in the atria to cause atrial contraction

28
Q

PR Interval

A

The time from firing of the SA node to the beginning of depolarization in the ventricle

Includes slight pause in the AV junction

29
Q

QRS complex

A

Spread of depolarization and sodium release in the ventricles to cause ventricular contraction

30
Q

T wave

A

Relaxation of the ventricles and repolarization of the cells, with a return of sodium and restoration of the resting state

31
Q

Over stimulation of parasympathetic division can cause which kind of heart rate?

A

Bradycardia

32
Q

Over stimulation of sympathetic division can cause which kind of heart rate?

A

Tachycardia

33
Q

Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system triggers the release of?

Effect on heart?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Increase heart rate, contractility (to increase cardiac output), and blood pressure

34
Q

Stimulation of the parasympathetic division acts indirectly through?

A

Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

35
Q

Baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinus regulate what?

A

Heart rate

36
Q

Chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid body sense the change in?

A

pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen levels

37
Q

Accumulated acid or depleted oxygen levels stimulate?

Effect on heart?

A

Chemoreceptors and increases heart rate

38
Q

Parasympathetic division triggers a decreased heart rate by stimulating?

A

Vagus nerve which innervates the SA node to slow the natural pacemaker

Vagus nerve also slows conduction through AV junction which slows the heart rate

39
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

Many sites in the atria send signals to the ventricles, ventricles contract irregularly

40
Q

Venous neck vessels reflect the pressure in the?

A

Right atrium because no valve exist between the right atrium and jugular veins

41
Q

The jugular pulse has five pulsations resulting from?

The waves reflect?

A

Backward affects of activity in the heart

Atrial contraction and relaxation, ventricular contraction, passive atrial and ventricular filling

42
Q

At what point does maternal blood volume increase?

A

First trimester and peaks around 40% approximately 1500 mL by 32nd to 34th week gestation

43
Q

In pregnant women, cardiac output is decreased in which position?

A

Laying supine, impedes venous return

May be significant enough to drop blood pressure

44
Q

Umbilical vein connects to the?

A

Inferior vena cava

45
Q

Blood flow from umbilical artery through? And back to mother?

A

Inferior vena cava to right atrium to foramen ovale to left atrium (bypasses lungs) to descending aorta to umbilical arteries

46
Q

By what age is child’s heart similar to an adults?

A

7 and should be palpable in 5th left ICS at MCL

47
Q

With aging, the left ventricular wall? Why?

A

Thickens because increased stress of pumping blood into stiffer vessels

48
Q

When assessing for peripheral perfusion, level of consciousness and blood pressure are decreased what should the first intervention be?

A

Call rapid response team

49
Q

Evaluate the significance of volume fluid overload by?

A

Auscultating lungs, measuring respiratory rate, and obtaining oxygen saturation rate

50
Q

Premature onset of coronary artery disease is before what age for men? Women?

A

55 for men

65 for women

51
Q

Risk factors related to family history

A

History of cardiovascular problems?
Who? What illness? When did they have it? How was it treated? Outcomes?

High blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, heart disease, obesity

Health Assessment (11 decks)

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