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Thorax And Lungs Flashcards

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0
Q

The thoracic cage includes?

A

Sternum, clavicle anteriorly, scapulae and 12 vertebrae posteriorly, and 12 pair of ribs

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1
Q

Function of upper airway?

A

Warms, moisturizes, and transport air to lower respiratory tract

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2
Q

Thoracic cavity includes?

A

Heart, lungs, thymus, distal part of trachea, and most of esophagus

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3
Q

What arteries supply blood to the chest?

A

Thoracic artery, subclavian artery, brachial artery and ancillary artery

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4
Q

Each lung has pulmonary arteries that supplies?

A

Deoxygenated blood for gas exchange

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5
Q

Spinous process of T1 usually correlates with?

A

First rib

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6
Q

Lower tip of scapula correlates with?

A

The 7th and 8th rib

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7
Q

Midsternal line

A

Center of the sternum

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8
Q

Midclavicular line

A

Extends down from the clavicle halfway between the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints

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9
Q

Anterior Axillary line

A

Extends from the top of the axillary fold when the arms are at the side

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10
Q

Vertebral line

A

Lies over the center of the spinous processes of the vertebrae

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11
Q

Scapular line

A

Originates from the inferior angle of the scapula and is parallel to the vertebrae line

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12
Q

Posterior axillary

A

Drops from the apex of the axilla and parallel to anterior axilla line

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13
Q

Each rib is divided almost in half by what?

A

an oblique fissure that runs from 6th rib MCL anteriorly to the T3 spinous process posteriorly

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14
Q

How many lobes are in the left and right lung?

A

Right has three and left has two

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15
Q

Horizontal fissure

A

Divides the upper and middle lobes of the lungs

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16
Q

The right upper lobe and the right middle lobe is the same size as the?

A

Left upper lobe

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17
Q

The left lung is narrower than the right because?

A

The location of the heart on the left displaces lung tissue

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18
Q

Base

A

Refers to the very bottom of lung fields

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19
Q

Apex

A

Very top of lung

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20
Q

Lungs should be auscultation from?

A

Apex to base

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21
Q

Anteriorly, the apex of the lung extends approximately?

A

2-3 cm above inner third of clavicle

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22
Q

The base of lung rest on the?

A

Diaphragm at the 6th rib MCL and the 8th rib midaxillary

Posteriorly, apex is near C7 and base is at T10
Three rib spaces below inferior tip of the scapula

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23
Q

The right main bronchus is _______ compared to the left?

A

Shorter, wider and more vertical

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24
The trachea and bronchioles contain how much dead space?
150 mL
25
The structure of the right bronchus make sit more susceptible to when an endotracheal tube is inserted ?
Aspiration and intubation if an endotracheal tube is inserted too far
26
Narrowed bronchioles may lead to?
Wheezing
27
Why do breath sounds differ in trachea and bronchi?
Trachea is much larger and has wider airways
28
As the airways narrows, sounds become?
Softer, finer and more difficult to auscultate
29
Alveoli
Primary units In lungs that absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide
30
When fluid fills the alveoli, what can be heard?
Fine crackles
31
Excessive fluid in the alveoli may lead to?
Airway collapse and decreased breath sounds
32
Visceral pleura
Lines the lungs
33
Parietal pleura
Lines the thoracic wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm
34
The pleural space does what?
Lubricates two surfaces, seals lungs open with negative pressure
35
The main trigger for breathing?
Increased carbon dioxide in the blood, decreased oxygen or increased acidity
36
Approximately how much air enters the lung in each breath?
500-800 mL
37
Pregnant women
Lower ribs flare as fetus grows | Tidal volume increases
38
What does the fetus depend in for oxygen exchange?
The placenta
39
When does surfactant production begin?
32 weeks gestation
40
After the umbilical cord is cut, what does the baby do?
Take first breath
41
The chest in the newborn is round and consistent with what?
The size of the head up to the age of two
42
In older adults, decreased function of cilia leads to?
Pooling of secretions
43
How are the alveoli affected in older adults?
Less elastic and more rigid, and lungs may become "stiff", respiratory strength decreases
45
If the patient has an acute shortness of breath, immediate assessments include?
Respiratory rate, pulse, blood pressure and oxygen saturation
46
Condition vs. Auscultation | Asthma
Wheezes
47
Condition vs. Auscultation | Atelectasis
diminished lung sounds in lower lobe
48
Condition vs. Auscultation | Bronchitis
occasional wheezing or fine crackles
49
Condition vs. Auscultation | COPD
Wheezes
50
Condition vs. Auscultation | Pneumonia
Wheezes, crackles or gurgles
51
Condition vs. Auscultation | CHF
Absent bases
52
Condition vs. Auscultation | Pleural Effusion
Absent over affected lung
53
Condition vs. Auscultation | Pulmonary Embolism
Clear or mild wheezes
54
Asthma
allergic hypersensitivity to allergens that produce broncho spasm wheezes, mostly exhalation
55
Atelectasis
collapsed section of alveoli from immobility, obstruction, compression, or decreased surfactant
56
Emphysema
destruction of pulmonary capillary bed and alveoli creating large air sacs and bullae barrel chest, cough, shortness of breath
57
Bronchitis
inflammation of bronchi that stimulate mucous glands. secretions may partially obstruct the airway occasional wheezes, or fine crackles
58
Lobar pneumonia
alveoli become congested with bacteria and white cells causing consolidation
59
Pleural effusion
collection of fluid in the intrapleural space that compresses the lung tissue
60
pneumothorax or hemothorax
collapsed or blood filled lung
61
CHF
fluid overload and pulmonary congestion
62
TB
slow growing mycobacterium that may form lesions or cavities in the lung
63
Pulmonary embolism
blood clot in the lungs that causes shunting of the blood to atelactatic area
64
Flail chest
when multiple ribs are fractured, paradoxical movements of the chest may occur
65
Pectus Carinatum (pigeon chest)
sternum is depressed anteriorly, depressing the adjacent costal cartilages
66
Pectus Excavatum
funnel chest, depression in lower part of and adjacent to sternum. may compress heart and cause murmurs
67
Biot's respiration
irregular rhythm, severe brain damage
68
Cheyne-stokes respiration
normally in children and elderly, also terminal illness, renal failure, overdose, increased cranial pressure, heart failure
69
hypoventilation
rate below 10 bpm narcotic or anesthetic overdose, increased intracranial pressure
70
bradypnea
rate below 10 bpm narcotic overdose, diabetic coma, increased intracranial pressure
71
hyperventilation
rate greater than 24 extreme anxiety or fear, exercise, increased intracranial pressure
72
Children begin to use their intercostal muscles to breathe by what age?
6 to 7
73
nasal flaring is common in newborns because?
nose is often congested
74
crepitus around clavicles in newborn arises concern because?
may indicate pneumothorax, especially following forceps delivery
75
acrocynosis
cyanosis of hands and feet
76
APGAR scoring system measures?
Heart rate, respiratory effort, relfex irritability, color
77
vesicular
sounds are soft, low pitched and found over fine airways near the site of exchange
78
bronchovesicular
sounds are found over major bronchi that have fewer alveoli
79
bronchial
sounds are loud, high pitched, and found over the trachea and neck

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