FA Section I (Art) Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
What is art history?
A
an academic discipline dedicated to the social, cultural, and economic contexts art was created in
2
Q
Art history is dedicated to the _______, _________, and ____________ contexts art was created.
A
social, cultural, and economic
3
Q
What disciplines is art history closely related to?
A
anthropology, history, and sociology
4
Q
What is art?
A
any visual material created
5
Q
What did art historians limit their focus to in the past?
A
fine art
6
Q
What is fine art?
A
art made for appreciation by an audience who could understand it
7
Q
When did art history arise as an academic discipline?
A
the mid-18th century
8
Q
Who wrote Natural History?
A
Pliny the Elder
9
Q
When did Pliny the Elder live?
A
23-79 CE
10
Q
What did Pliny the Elder do in his book Natural History?
A
he analyzed historical and contemporary art
11
Q
Who is Pliny the Elder?
A
an ancient Roman historian who wrote Natural History
12
Q
What time period did Giorgio Vasari live in?
A
the Renaissance
13
Q
What book did Giorgio Vasari write?
A
The Lives of the Authors
14
Q
What did Giorgio Vasari do in The Lives of the Authors?
A
he compiled the biographies of great Italian artists and analyzed their influence
15
Q
What is modern art history influenced by?
A
18th century Enlightenment philosophy
16
Q
Who has the traditional version of art history mostly focused on?
A
white males
17
Q
What are the basic art elements?
A
line, shape, form, space, color, and texture
18
Q
What is the most basic of the art elements?
A
the line
19
Q
What is a line?
A
the path of a point moving through space
20
Q
What are the characteristics of a line?
A
length, width, and direction
21
Q
What do artists use lines for?
A
to express feelings visually
22
Q
What feelings do horizontal lines create?
A
peace and tranquility
23
Q
Where do vertical lines cause the eye to move?
A
upward
24
Q
Why were medieval churches created with very high arch ceilings?
A
to cause the eyes to move upward and create a sense of spiritual awe
25
What feelings do curved and jagged lines create?
activity
26
Where is the use of lines most noticeable?
drawing and some types of printmaking
27
What is shape?
the area that defines a 2D object
28
What is form?
the space that defines a 3D objects
29
Is a triangle shape or form?
shape
30
Is a pyramid shape or form?
form
31
Is a cone shape or form?
form
32
Is a square shape or form?
shape
33
Is a cube shape or form?
form
34
Shapes and forms can be either ____________ or _______________.
geometric, organic
35
What sensations do geometric shapes and forms create?
order and stability
36
What sensations do organic shapes and forms create?
movement and rhythm
37
What are geometric shapes and forms?
shapes and forms that can be defined mathematically
38
What are organic shapes and forms?
shapes and forms that are freeform and irregular
39
What is occupied space known as?
positive space
40
What is unoccupied space known as?
negative space
41
What are the types of sculpture?
freestanding and relief
42
What is a relief sculpture?
a sculpture that projects off another surface
43
What is a freestanding sculpture?
a sculpture that stands on its own
44
What are the 2 types of relief sculptures?
high-relief and bas-relief (low-relief)
45
What are high-relief sculptures?
sculptures that project boldly off another surface
46
What are bas-relief sculptures?
sculptures that don't project much off another surface
47
What is perspective?
the illusion of depth
48
What type of artwork is perspective used in?
2D artwork
49
What are contours?
visible borders
50
Do objects lower on the picture plane appear closer or farther?
closer
51
Do objects higher on the picture plane appear closer or farther?
farther
52
What is aerial perspective?
technique that takes into account the ways that fog, smoke, and particles in the air change the appearance of things
53
When an artist uses aerial perspective, how will farther away objects appear?
lighter and more neutral in color
54
Black and white checkerboards were a frequent feature in what paintings?
Renaissance interior paintings
55
What is hue?
the name of a color
56
What are the 3 primary colors?
red, blue, and yellow
57
All pigment colors come from which group?
the primary colors
58
How are secondary colors formed?
through the combining of 2 primary colors
59
What colors make orange?
red and yellow
60
What colors make green?
yellow and blue
61
What colors make violet?
red and blue
62
How many tertiary colors are there?
6
63
What are the 6 tertiary colors?
red-violet, violet-blue, blue-green, yellow-green, yellow-orange, and red-orange
64
How are tertiary colors made?
through the combining of a secondary color and its adjacent primary color
65
What is the color wheel?
the organization of hues into a visual scheme
66
Who created the underlying concepts of the color wheel?
Sir Isaac Netwon
67
When were the underlying concepts of the color wheel created? (century)
the 17th century
68
When was the color wheel created?
the 17th century
69
What is value?
the lightness or darkness of a color
70
How do artists create darker hues?
by adding black
71
How do artists create lighter hues?
by adding white
72
Are black, white, and gray hues?
No
73
What type of color are black, white, and gray?
neutrals
74
What do black and white make when mixed?
a continuum of grays
75
What is intensity in art?
the purity of a color
76
What are the most intense colors?
the unmixed primary colors
77
What does adding a color to its complement do?
it lowers the intensity of the color, making it more dull or neutral
78
What happens when colors are mixed? (intensity)
it becomes less intense
79
When was the relativity of color discovered?
the 19th century
80
Equal parts of two complements will produce what tone?
a dull, muddy brown tone
81
What is the relativity of color theory?
that colors look more or less intense/bright depending on the colors placed next to it
82
Warm and cool colors are ___________ constructed.
culturally
83
What are the warm colors?
red, orange, and yellow
84
What do we associate the warm colors with?
the warm of the sun, the heat of a fire, and the dry grass of a summer day
85
What are the cool colors?
blue, green, and violet
86
What do we associate the cool colors with?
cool forests, mountain lakes, and snow
87
Colors can be ____________, _____________, or ______________.
local, optical, arbitrary
88
What is local color?
the true colors of an object, ex: a grassy field painted green
89
What is optical color?
the effect that special lighting has on the color of objects
90
What is arbitrary color?
colors used for their emotional or aesthetic appeal
91
When have arbitrary colors become more popular?
the 20th and 21st centuries
92
What is texture?
how things feel or how we think would feel if touched
93
What are the types of texture in art?
actual and visual
94
What is actual texture?
texture we can feel and touch
95
What is visual texture?
the illusion of a textured surface
96
In what artworks are actual textures more common?
3D artwork
97
The contrast of light and dark on a surface creates what texture?
a rough texture
98
The absence of a contrast between light and dark colors creates what texture?
a smooth texture
99
What is composition in art?
the organization of art elements
100
What is composition in a painting or other 2D artwork?
how art elements are organized on a picture plane
101
What is composition in architecture or other 3D artwork?
how art elements are organized in space
102
How do artists create a sense of movement or rhythm in their artwork?
by repeating elements
103
What are 2 aspects of repetition?
motif and pattern
104
What is a motif?
the single element of a pattern
105
What would be a motif in a quilt design?
the single squares or other elements used
106
What is a pattern?
multiple motifs combined to create an overall pattern
107
What type of pattern is a checkerboard?
a regular pattern
108
What is balance in art?
the equal distribution of visual weight in a work of art
109
What is the easiest balance to comprehend?
symmetrical balance
110
What is symmetrical balance?
when elements are the same on both sides of the central axis, creating symmetry
111
Why do many artists use approximate symmetrical balance?
to avoid the rigidity and monotony that may appear with symmetrical balance
112
What is approximate symmetrical balance?
where the elements are slightly varied on each side of the central axis, but show overall symmetry
113
What is asymmetrical balance?
the organization of unlike objects
114
Is asymmetrical balance more or less formal than symmetrical balance?
less formal
115
Is asymmetrical balance harder or easier to achieve than symmetrical balance?
much harder
116
Contrast of color, value, shape, size, line, or texture creates ___________ to the eye.
interest
117
An element that contrasts with the rest of a composition creates a __________ __________ where the eye tends to rest.
focal point
118
What is a focal point in art?
an area where the eye tends to rest, usually contrasts the rest of the piece
119
What is proportion in art?
the size relationships among parts of a composition
120
What are 2D processes and art created on?
a flat plane
121
What attributes do a flat plane have?
height and width
122
What is the most basic of art processes?
drawing
123
The earliest artists used what medium to draw on?
rock walls
124
What is the most common medium to draw on now?
a piece of paper
125
Undiluted ink has what property?
opacity, as it is opaque
126
Undiluted ink is __________.
opaque
127
What is added to make ink more translucent?
water
128
When did color pastels become popular?
the 1700s
129
What are color pastels popular for?
creating portraits
130
What are the main drawbacks to color pastels?
they are very fragile and pastel drawings must cared for
131
What is the surface of a pastel drawing often sprayed with to reduce smearing?
fixative
132
What are fixatives?
a solution that is commonly sprayed on pastel drawings to reduce the risk of smearing
133
Are colored pencils more or less durable than pastels?
more durable
134
What is printmaking?
mechanically aided 2D processes that allow for the production of multiple original artworks
135
What does printmaking use to make the image?
a matrix, or printing plate, on which the image is created
136
What are the types of printmaking?
relief prints, intaglio prints, lithographs, and screen prints
137
What type of printmaking is most familiar to us?
screen prints
138
What are screen prints primarily used for?
to make t-shirts
139
Why are artworks created using printmaking cheaper?
because multiple originals can be made, and it is cheaper to produce
140
Since when have printmaking techniques been used?
since the development of the printing press in the 15th century
141
When was the printing press invented?
the 15th century
142
What is paint made of?
pigments, binders, and solvents
143
What are pigments?
finely ground materials that give paint its color
144
What are binders?
a substance that holds together the grains of the pigment and allows the paint to stick to a surface
145
What are solvents?
liquid that is added to change the consistency of paint or alter its drying time
146
Clays, gemstones, minerals, and plant and insect materials are examples of what paint material?
pigments
147
Egg yolks, linseed oil, and wax can be used as what paint material?
binders
148
Water and oil can be used as what paint material?
solvents
149
What are the 4 steps to creating a sculpture?
carving, modeling, casting, and construction
150
What type of sculpture is "Venus de Milo" or Michelangelo's "Pieta"?
freestanding scultpure
151
What is architecture?
the art and science of designing and constructing buildings
152
Specialists in designing structures are known as _____________.
architects
153
What type of construction is the Greek Parthenon?
post-and-lintel construction
154
What is post-and-lintel construction?
placing a horizontal beam on top of vertical beams
155
What are 3 key developments in architecture?
the arch, vault, and dome
156
What did the arch, vault, and dome allow for?
more interior space and greater height
157
The Romans were great ___________.
engineers
158
What type of construction is the Colosseum?
vaulted construction
159
Where is the Colosseum?
Rome
160
What civilization developed concrete as a building material?
the Romans
161
What building style did many medieval churches have?
a skeletal-building style
162
What are flying buttresses?
external arches that counterbalance the outward thrust of high, vaulted ceilings
163
During the __________ ____________, many new materials and processes for building were developed.
Industrial Revolution
164
When was the Crystal Palace built?
1851
165
Where was the Crystal Palace built?
London
166
Why was the Crystal Palace built?
for the World's Fair in London
167
Why was the Crystal Palace named so?
because it consisted of many glass walls
168
How were the glass walls of the Crystal Palace held in place?
by a framework of slim, iron rods
169
Where is the Eiffel Tower?
Paris
170
What is the Eiffel Tower made of?
wrought iron
171
Where did Antonio Gaudi build his buildings?
Spain
172
What material did Antonio Gaudi use for his buildings?
cut stone
173
When did Antonio Gaudi make his buildings?
the late 1800s and early 1900s
174
Gaudi's buildings are very _________ in appearance.
organic
175
What do Gaudi's buildings not have that most buildings do?
straight lines or flat surfaces
