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PARA > FA Trichostrongylidae > Flashcards

FA Trichostrongylidae Flashcards

1
Q

Brown stomach worm is also known as…

A

Ostertagia ostertagi

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2
Q

In which area of the rumen would adult ostertargia be found?

A

Abomasum

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3
Q

Outline the morphological features of the adult Ostertagia.

A

1cm in length

Slender

Pink-brown

Fine cervical papillae - finger-like projections

Bursal spicules - male

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4
Q

Where in the abomasum would Ostertagia be found?

A

The gastric glands

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5
Q

Describe the pathologenic features of Ostertagia infection.

A
  1. Damages parietal cells
    1. Increase in pH to pH7
    2. Build up of pepsinogen
    3. No bacteriostatic effects of HCl
    4. Loss of cell-to-cell adhesion = plasma protein leakage (albumen)
    5. Pepsinogen transferred to plasma
  2. Replacement of parietal cells with undifferentiated epithelial cells - loss of abomasal function
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6
Q

What is the gross appearance of an ruminant abomasum affected by ostertagia?

A

Nodular hyperplasia of gastric glands

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7
Q

Describe the morphology of Ostertagia eggs.

A
  • 90x45um
  • barrel shaped
  • undifferentiated morula
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8
Q

Outline the lifecycle of Ostertagia

A

Cattle eats L3

L3 reaches abomasum and burrows into gastric glands

Develops to L4/5

L5 emerges and develops to adults

Adult lays eggs which are passed in faeces

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9
Q

What is shown in this histo slide?

What are the consequences of this stage of OO lifecycle?

A

A larval OO within the gastric gland of the abomasum

Consequences:

  • Damages parietal - decreased HCl secretion - loss of bacteriostatic effect
  • Loss of cell-to-cell adhesion - protein losing enteropathy
  • Replaced by undifferentiated epithelium - loss of abomasal function
  • Reduced pepsin production - build up of pepsinogen
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10
Q

Describe Type 1 ostertagiosis.

A

July - September (August)

Large numbers of L3 ingested in July

Green watery diarrhoea

Usually dairy replacement heifers

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11
Q

Describe Type 2 ostertagiosis

A

Occurs due to simultaneous emergence of hypobiosed larvae from gastric glands after winter

  • Acute
  • Intermittent diarrhoea
  • Anaemia
  • Thirst
  • High mortality
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12
Q

Name the worms found in the abomasum of sheep and cattle

A
  • Haemonchus contortus (3cm)
  • Ostertagia ostertagi (1cm)
  • Trichostrongylus axei (0.5cm)

HOT in order of size

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13
Q

Name the worms found in the small intestine of sheep and cattle.

A
  • Nematodirus spp (cephalic vesicle, ‘cotton wool’ large eggs)
  • Trichostrongylus spp
  • Cooperia spp (‘watch spring’; cephalic vesicle, typical trichostrongyle eggs)
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14
Q

Name the worms found in the large intestine of cattle and sheep.

A
  • Chabertia spp
  • Oesophagostomum spp
  • Trichuris spp

COT

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15
Q

What factors are necessary for development of pre-parasitic stages of OO?

A
  • Temperature > 10o
  • Humidity/ rainfall - dispersal of faecal pat
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16
Q

Describe Hypobiosis

A

Parasite triggered arrest in development WITHIN the host. L3 on pasture detect drop in temperature which triggers L4 to hypobiose once in host.

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17
Q

What factors affect parasitic development on pasture?

A
  • Ensheathed - cuticle of L2
  • Temperature - tolerates cold up to a point
  • Moisture - dessication is lethal
  • Limited food reserves and therefore lifespan (>/< PPP)
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18
Q

What host factors affect OO development?

A
  • Age - younger tend to be more susceptible
  • Immune status - need repeat infection to develop immunity
  • Over-dispersion - 80:20
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19
Q

What time of year would t1 ostertagiosis be expected? Why?

A

August to September

Three weeks after ingestion of large numbers of L3 (PPP). Peak L3 are seen on pasture in July, best conditions for development.

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20
Q

When is T2 ostertagiosis most likely to develop? Why?

A

Late winter- early spring.

When L5 simutaneously emerge from the gastric glands

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21
Q

What diagnostics are used to dx. OO?

A

Plasma pepsinogen levels are raised

Clinical signs

Grazing history

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22
Q

Dictyocaulus spp. are what type of worm?

A

Trichostrongyle

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23
Q

Name a species of Dictycaulus which occurs in sheep and goats in the tropic and sub-tropics.

A

Dictyocaulus filaria

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24
Q

Which species of Dictyocaulus causes respiratory disease in horses and patent infection in donkeys?

A

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

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25
Q

Husk aka

A

Parasitic bronchitis

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26
Q

Describe the morphology of adult Dictyocaulus viviparus.

Where in the sheep are they found?

A

4-8 cm long

Slender, white

Male has reduced bursa, food granules within worm, cuticular knob at anterior end

Found in trachea and bronchi

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27
Q

Outline the lifecycle of D. viviparus

A

Penetration - d0-7 - Lympho-tracheal migration of L3, moult to L4 in LN and reaches lungs

Pre-patent - d8-25 - L4-5 in the lungs, migrates up brochial tree, adults in bronchi and trachea

Patent - d26-55 - Adult worms in URT, lays eggs-L1

Post-patent - d55+ - Immune expulsion of adults, protective immunity develops

28
Q

Describe the morphology of iL3 D. vivaparus.

A

Double sheathed - L1/2

Short/ stumpy

Contain food granules

29
Q

What clinical signs are associated with the pre-patent phase?

A

Intense inflammatory response

  • alveolitis, bronchiolitis, brochitis
  • Interstitial emphysema
  • Pulmonary oedema
  • Coughing
  • Respiratory distress
  • Tachypnoea
  • Wt loss
30
Q

What clinical signs are associated with the patent phase of D. vivparus?

A
  • Mature adults in Bronchi/trachea
  • Eggs/larvae swept into alveoli
  • Intense inflammatory response
  • Frothy, white mucus
  • Emphysema
  • Hypoxia
  • Respiratory distress and death
31
Q

What clinical signs are associated with the post-patent phase of Dictyocaulus vivparus?

A

Resolved clinical signs

If epithelialisation of lung tissue occurs it may never fully recover - poor doers

32
Q

Which fungal species can be responsible for wide dispersion of D. viviparus?

A

Pilobolus fungi

  • Grows on the surface of the faecal pat
  • L3 migrate up the fungal body
  • When the fungal fruiting bodies explode L3 are dispersed across pasture
33
Q

Outline the diagnosis and treatment of DV.

A

Dx.

  • Clinical signs
  • Baerman - L1 in faeces
  • Ab ELISA - for monitoring rather than dx.

Tx

  • Rapid anthelmintics
  • NSAIDS
  • Abs
  • Supportive care
34
Q

Describe the vaccination used against DV.

A

Live attenuated - 1000 irradiated L3

Oral

2 x doses before turnout

35
Q

Name a trichostrongyloid which affects lamb and is found in the small intestine.

A

Nematodirus battus

36
Q

Describe the morphology of Nematodirus battus.

A

“Thread worm” can be found in large spaghetti like groups

Have a bubble-like cephalic vesicle

Males have long, thin spicules

Females have large eggs within the uterus

37
Q

Describe the differences between different species of Nematodirus.

A

Battus - eggs have parallel sides and a brown shell

Filicollis - eggs have rounded sides and clear shell

38
Q

What is the pre-patent period of Nematodirus battus?

A

15 days

39
Q

What is the infective stage of the lifecycle of Nematodirus battus?

A

L3 which has hatched from the egg

40
Q

Which lifecycle stages are found within the egg of Nematodirus battus?

A

L1 - L3 (l3 hatches)

41
Q

Describe the pathology of Nematodirus battus?

A

Developing l5 destroy mucosa

Effects: catarrhal enteritis, villous atrophy, disruption of fluid and nutrient absorption

42
Q

What clinical signs are associated with outbreaks of Nematodirus battus?

What age of lamb is it often associated with?

A

Sudden explosive outbreaks of diarrhoea (watery)

Inappetence

Dehydration

Abdominal pain

Weight loss

4-12 weeks

43
Q

What climatic conditions are required for development of Nematodirus battus larvae on pasture?

When is emergence of larvae often observed?

A
  1. Exposure to prolonged period of chill
  2. Exposure to mean day/ night temperature of 10oC
  3. Emergence around Spring
44
Q

Which anthelmintic is N. battus NOT susceptible to?

A

Inj Macrocyclic lactones (moxidectin)

Instead use BZ or Imidaclopride

45
Q
A

Lancet tooth of Haemonchus contortus

46
Q
A

Large bursal cavity of Haemonchus contortus - large lateral lobes with Y dorsal lobes and rays

47
Q
A

Intertwining gut and uterus of Haemonchus contortus

48
Q
A

Cervical papillae of Haemonchus contortus

49
Q
A

Short, unequal spicules of Trichostrongylus axei

50
Q
A

Excretory notch of Trichostrongylus axei

51
Q
A

Ovijector of Trichostrongylus axei - Holds and expels eggs from parasite

52
Q

True or false

Ostertagia/ telodorsagia have cervical papillae?

A

TRUE

53
Q
A

Long, thin spicules of Nematodirus battus

Fused at the tip!

54
Q
A

Cephalic (bubble-like) vesicle (more prominent than cooperia)

55
Q
A

Large eggs seen in the uterus of Nematodirus battus

56
Q
A

Watch-spring appearance of cooperia

57
Q
A

Small cephalic vesicle of cooperia

58
Q
A

Short stumpy spicules of cooperia

59
Q
A

Bell shaped buccal cavity of Chabertia

60
Q
A

Unilaterally restricted cephalic vesicle of oesophagostomum

61
Q

What pathogenic features are characteristic of Trichostrongylus axei?

A
  • L4/5 developing in mucosa - black scour
  • Sub-epithelial tunnels
  • Villous atrophy
  • Haemorrhage
  • Oedema
  • Diarrhoea
62
Q

What is the morphological difference between eggs of Nematodirus battus and filicollis?

A

Battus - brown and parallel sides

Filicollis - clear and rounded sides

63
Q

Outline the lifecycle of Nematodirus battus.

A

Similar to cysthostome lifecycle - L4 burrow into SI mucosa

PPP=15 days

64
Q

Whic trichostrongyle species are impicated in primary PGE?

A

Telodorsagia circumcincta

65
Q

Which trichostrongyloidae are implicated in secondary PGE?

A

Haemonchus contorus

Trichostrongyloid axei

Nematodirus battus

Cooperia

66
Q

Telodorsagia circumcincta is anagolous with what cattle species of parasite?

A

Ostertagia ostertagia

PARA (16 decks)

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