Faisal Study Guide 4

Question 1

What is Personality Psychology?

Answer 1

The study of individual differences in behavior, emotions, and thought patterns.

Question 2

What is Social Psychology?

Answer 2

The study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social situations.

Question 3

What is the difference between Sociology and Social Psychology?

Answer 3

Sociology studies large groups and institutions, while social psychology focuses on individuals within a social context.

Question 4

What are the Big Five Personality Traits?

Answer 4

• Openness to Experience
• Conscientiousness
• Extraversion
• Agreeableness
• Neuroticism

Question 5

Define Openness to Experience in the Big Five Personality Traits.

Answer 5

Creativity, curiosity, preference for novelty.

Question 6

Define Conscientiousness in the Big Five Personality Traits.

Answer 6

Organization, discipline, reliability.

Question 7

Define Extraversion in the Big Five Personality Traits.

Answer 7

Sociability, assertiveness, energy in social settings.

Question 8

Define Agreeableness in the Big Five Personality Traits.

Answer 8

Kindness, cooperation, trustworthiness.

Question 9

Define Neuroticism in the Big Five Personality Traits.

Answer 9

Emotional instability, anxiety, mood swings.

Question 10

What are the Dark Triad Personality Traits?

Answer 10

• Narcissism
• Machiavellianism
• Psychopathy

Question 11

Define Narcissism.

Answer 11

Excessive self-focus, need for admiration, sense of superiority.

Question 12

Define Machiavellianism.

Answer 12

Deceptive, manipulative, pragmatic in achieving goals.

Question 13

Define Psychopathy.

Answer 13

Lack of remorse, impulsivity, antisocial behavior.

Question 14

What is the Dark Tetrad?

Answer 14

• Narcissism
• Machiavellianism
• Psychopathy
• Sadism

Question 15

Define Sadism in the context of personality traits.

Answer 15

Enjoyment of causing pain or suffering to others.

Question 16

What is Psychodynamic Theory?

Answer 16

Personality is influenced by unconscious conflicts between the id, ego, and superego.

Question 17

What is Humanistic Theory?

Answer 17

People strive for self-actualization; personality develops through personal growth and fulfillment.

Question 18

What do Trait Theories suggest?

Answer 18

Personality consists of stable traits that influence behavior.

Question 19

What are Social Schemas?

Answer 19

Cognitive structures that help us process and categorize social information.

Question 20

Provide an example of Social Schema.

Answer 20

If someone is wearing a lab coat, we might assume they are a doctor or scientist.

Question 21

What is Attribution Theory?

Answer 21

The process of explaining the causes of behavior and events.

Question 22

What is Internal Attribution?

Answer 22

Behavior is due to personal traits or characteristics.

Question 23

What is External Attribution?

Answer 23

Behavior is due to environmental factors.

Question 24

Define Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE).

Answer 24

The tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics and underestimate situational factors when explaining others’ behavior.

Question 25

What is Conformity?

Answer 25

Adjusting behavior to align with group norms.

Question 26

What is Obedience?

Answer 26

Following direct orders from an authority figure.

Question 27

What is Normative Influence?

Answer 27

Conforming to be liked or accepted.

Question 28

What is Informational Influence?

Answer 28

Conforming because you believe others have accurate information.

Question 29

Define Groupthink.

Answer 29

When a group prioritizes consensus over critical thinking, leading to poor decisions.

Question 30

What is Group Polarization?

Answer 30

When group discussions strengthen the group’s dominant viewpoint.

Question 31

What is Social Loafing?

Answer 31

People exert less effort in a group than when working alone.

Question 32

What is the Bystander Effect?

Answer 32

People are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present.

Question 33

What is Self-serving Bias?

Answer 33

Attributing success to internal factors and failure to external factors.

Question 34

What are Implicit Attitudes?

Answer 34

Attitudes that are automatic and unconscious.

Question 35

What are Explicit Attitudes?

Answer 35

Attitudes that are deliberate and conscious.

Question 36

What is the Mere Exposure Effect?

Answer 36

Liking things we see more often.

Question 37

Define Cognitive Dissonance Theory.

Answer 37

Psychological discomfort from conflicting beliefs/behaviors.

Question 38

What is the Similarity Effect?

Answer 38

People are attracted to those similar to them.

Question 39

What is the Matching Hypothesis?

Answer 39

People tend to choose partners of similar attractiveness.

Question 40

What is the Reciprocity Effect?

Answer 40

Liking those who like us back.

Question 41

What are the Universal Basic Emotions according to Ekman?

Answer 41

* Joy * Sadness * Anger * Fear * Surprise * Disgust

Question 42

What is the role of the Amygdala in emotion?

Answer 42

Involved in fear and emotional responses.

Question 43

What are Drive Theories?

Answer 43

Theories that explain motivation based on biological drives.

Question 44

What are Incentive Theories?

Answer 44

Theories that explain motivation based on external rewards.

Question 45

Define Achievement Motivation.

Answer 45

Striving for success, mastery of challenges.

Question 46

What is General Adaptation Syndrome?

Answer 46

A model of the body's response to stress, consisting of three stages: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion.

Question 47

What is Allostatic Load?

Answer 47

Chronic stress’s long-term damage to the body.

Question 48

What are Constructive Coping mechanisms?

Answer 48

Healthy strategies for managing stress.

Question 49

What are Defensive Coping mechanisms?

Answer 49

Strategies like denial and avoidance.

Question 50

Define Learned Helplessness.

Answer 50

Giving up in the face of repeated failures.