Lecture 11

Question 1

What condition did patient H.M. suffer from after his surgery?

Answer 1

Anterograde amnesia

Anterograde amnesia involves the loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia.

Question 2

What type of amnesia involves the loss of memories for events prior to the onset of amnesia?

Answer 2

Retrograde amnesia

Question 3

What is the difference between amnesia and forgetting?

Answer 3

Amnesia is a condition of memory loss, while forgetting is the inability to recall previously stored information.

Question 4

What significant role did H.M.’s case play in psychology?

Answer 4

It advanced the understanding of the role of the hippocampus in memory formation.

Question 5

Define language.

Answer 5

Symbols that combine meaning, plus rules for combining those symbols that can generate an infinite variety of messages.

Question 6

What are morphemes?

Answer 6

The smallest units of meaning in the English language, including root words, prefixes, and suffixes.

Question 7

What are phonemes?

Answer 7

Distinct units of sound in a specified language.

Question 8

At what age can children typically begin to utter words?

Answer 8

10-13 months of age

Question 9

What is fast mapping in language development?

Answer 9

The ability to map a word onto an underlying concept after just one exposure.

Question 10

What is metalinguistic awareness?

Answer 10

The ability to reflect on the use of language and think more complexly about language.

Question 11

What is functional fixedness?

Answer 11

The tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use.

Question 12

What is a mental set?

Answer 12

When people persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past.

Question 13

What is the correct solution to the Candle Problem?

Answer 13

Dump out the tacks and attach the box to the wall.

Question 14

How many females are there in the Thompson family?

Answer 14

Two

Question 15

What are heuristics?

Answer 15

Simple strategies or mental shortcuts used to make decisions and solve problems more rapidly.

Question 16

What are biases in decision making?

Answer 16

Systematic errors in decision making that result from heuristics or similar mental processes.

Question 17

What does Broca’s Area control?

Answer 17

Producing language.

Question 18

What is Broca’s Aphasia?

Answer 18

A language disorder characterized by difficulty in producing fluent speech, with intact comprehension.

Question 19

What is Wernicke’s Aphasia?

Answer 19

Characterized by impaired language comprehension but may not affect the rate, rhythm, and grammar of speech.

Question 20

Who proposed the Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?

Answer 20

Noam Chomsky

Question 21

What is the main argument of B.F. Skinner regarding language acquisition?

Answer 21

Children learn language through imitation, reinforcement, and conditioning.

Question 22

What phenomenon occurs when people put unnecessary constraints on problems?

Answer 22

People fail to see potential solutions outside their assumed limitations.

Question 23

True or False: Heuristics always lead to correct solutions.

Answer 23

False

Question 24

What did Tversky and Kahneman’s research demonstrate about decision making?

Answer 24

Decisions are highly swayed by the way options are presented.

Question 25

What is the primary focus of behavioral economics?

Answer 25

Human decision-making is governed by mental shortcuts rather than rationality.

Question 26

What concept explains how choices are influenced by presentation?

Answer 26

Tversky & Kahneman's research on decision-making ## Footnote This research is foundational in behavioral economics.

Question 27

What does behavioral economics examine?

Answer 27

The effects of humans' actual decision-making processes on economic decisions ## Footnote It contrasts with traditional economics, which assumes rational actors.

Question 28

What are the two systems of problem-solving in Dual-Process Theory?

Answer 28

System 1 (Intuitive) and System 2 (Analytic) ## Footnote System 1 is fast and relies on heuristics; System 2 is slow and involves deliberate reasoning.

Question 29

What characterizes System 1 in Dual-Process Theory?

Answer 29

Fast, implicit/automatic, low cognitive effort ## Footnote It draws on prior experience and heuristics.

Question 30

What characterizes System 2 in Dual-Process Theory?

Answer 30

Slow, deliberate, rational thinking; more cognitively demanding ## Footnote It involves careful analysis to avoid errors.

Question 31

Who developed the first successful objective test for intellectual ability?

Answer 31

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon ## Footnote Their test was published in 1905 and is known as the Stanford-Binet Test.

Question 32

What is 'mental age' in intelligence testing?

Answer 32

The mental ability typical of a child of a given chronological age ## Footnote A child with a mental age above their chronological age is considered above average.

Question 33

What formula did Lewis Terman create for Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?

Answer 33

IQ = Mental Age / Chronological Age x 100 ## Footnote This standardizes IQ scores, centering them around 100.

Question 34

What was a significant change made by David Wechsler in IQ testing?

Answer 34

He removed the idea of intelligence 'Quotient' and based scores on the Normal Distribution ## Footnote This allows for comparisons to a global average score.

Question 35

What does the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) measure?

Answer 35

Intelligence in adults ## Footnote It is currently in its fourth revision (WAIS-IV).

Question 36

What is the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)?

Answer 36

An IQ test designed for children ages 6-16 ## Footnote It is now in its fifth revision (WISC-V).

Question 37

What are the two major features of modern intellectual disability criteria?

Answer 37

* Deficits in intellectual ability * Problems with adaptive skills ## Footnote Adaptive skills refer to everyday living skills.

Question 38

What is the typical cutoff IQ score for intellectual disabilities?

Answer 38

Around 70-75 or lower ## Footnote This group shows significant variation in functioning.

Question 39

What did Sir Francis Galton study regarding intelligence?

Answer 39

Family trees to understand the inheritance of intelligence ## Footnote He concluded that intelligence is passed down through generations.

Question 40

What are Entity Theories of Intelligence?

Answer 40

Theories suggesting intelligence is fixed at birth and unchanged by experience ## Footnote This contrasts with Incremental Theories, which suggest intelligence can change.

Question 41

What evidence supports Entity Theories of Intelligence?

Answer 41

Studies of twins raised apart showing significant similarity in IQ ## Footnote This suggests a strong genetic influence on intelligence.

Question 42

What evidence supports Incremental Theories of Intelligence?

Answer 42

Studies of adopted children showing correlation with their caregivers' IQ ## Footnote This suggests environmental influences on IQ.

Question 43

What is a psychological test?

Answer 43

A standardized measure of a sample of a person's behavior ## Footnote Psychological tests can include intelligence tests.

Question 44

What is the difference between aptitude tests and intelligence tests?

Answer 44

Aptitude tests measure potential in a specific area, while intelligence tests measure general intellectual ability ## Footnote Intelligence tests do not measure previous learning.

Question 45

What is an achievement test?

Answer 45

An assessment of developed knowledge or skill ## Footnote Examples include university exams and certification tests.

Question 46

Why is standardization important in psychological testing?

Answer 46

To ensure consistent testing conditions and meaningful comparisons ## Footnote It involves uniform procedures for administration and scoring.

Question 47

What does reliability in testing refer to?

Answer 47

The consistency, stability, or repeatability of measurements ## Footnote Reliable tests yield similar results over time.

Question 48

What are the three main types of reliability?

Answer 48

* Test-retest reliability * Internal consistency * Inter-rater reliability ## Footnote Each type measures different aspects of reliability.

Question 49

What is test-retest reliability?

Answer 49

The extent to which a measure is consistent over time ## Footnote It assesses if a test yields stable results at different times.

Question 50

What is internal consistency?

Answer 50

The extent to which multiple measures for the same variable agree with each other ## Footnote It assesses if different items measuring the same construct yield similar results.

Question 51

What is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 51

The extent to which different raters agree on their observations ## Footnote It is crucial in scenarios requiring subjective judgments.

Question 52

What is validity in psychological testing?

Answer 52

The degree to which a test measures what it purports to measure ## Footnote A test can be reliable but not valid.