Lecture 10 Flashcards
Who is considered the central figure in psychology known for his contributions to learning?
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov is particularly famous for his work in classical conditioning.
What significant concept did Ivan Pavlov introduce through his experiments?
Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning involves learning through the pairing of stimuli with responses.
What is the definition of an Unconditioned Stimulus?
Stimulus which evokes a response without prior conditioning
Example: Food, which evokes salivation in dogs.
What is an Unconditioned Response?
An unlearned reaction that occurs in response to an unconditioned stimulus
Example: Salivation in dogs in response to food.
Define Neutral Stimulus in the context of classical conditioning.
A stimulus which evokes no response without prior conditioning
Example: The bell before conditioning does not evoke salivation.
What is the purpose of a Trial in classical conditioning?
Any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli.
What is a Conditioned Stimulus?
A previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response through conditioning.
Define Conditioned Response.
A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.
What occurs after CONDITIONED STIMULUS -UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS-US) pairing in classical conditioning?
The CS (conditioned stimulus) alone will produce a conditioned response.
True or False: Pavlov’s dogs were trained using a bell.
False
The dogs were actually trained with a buzzer; the bell was a mistranslation.
What concept explains the tendency of a conditioned response to occur in the presence of similar stimuli?
Generalization
Example: A child fearful of rabbits may also fear other furry objects.
What is Extinction in classical conditioning?
The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when the CS is presented without the US.
What significant work did Pavlov publish in 1897?
The Workings of the Digestive Glands
This work led to Pavlov winning the Nobel Prize in 1904.
What is the Law of Effect proposed by E.L. Thorndike?
If a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.
Define Operant Conditioning.
Responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
What type of reinforcement strengthens a response by presenting a rewarding stimulus?
Positive reinforcement.
What is the difference between Primary and Secondary Reinforcers?
Primary reinforcers satisfy biological needs;
secondary reinforcers acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.
What are Schedules of Reinforcement?
They determine which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of reinforcement.
What is a Fixed-Ratio schedule?
Reward is given after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses.
What is a Variable-Interval schedule?
Reward can be given after a variable amount of time has elapsed.
Who is Albert Bandura and what concept did he introduce?
Canadian-American Psychologist; introduced Observational Learning.
What is Observational Learning?
Learning that occurs when an organism’s behaviour is influenced by the observation of others.
List the three main types of memory proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin.
- Sensory Memory
- Short-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
What is the process of consolidation in memory?
The continual strengthening of memories accessed over time.
