Lecture 2

Question 1

What is the main focus of psychology as a field?

Answer 1

The study of mental states in humans and non-humans.

Question 2

Who is credited as the father of Experimental Psychology?

Answer 2

Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 3

What year is commonly credited as the ‘Birth’ of Psychology?

Answer 3

1879.

Question 4

What is Structuralism?

Answer 4

The notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements.

Question 5

What method did Edward Titchener develop to study consciousness?

Answer 5

Introspection.

Question 6

Who founded Functionalism?

Answer 6

William James.

Question 7

What does Functionalism focus on?

Answer 7

The function or purpose of consciousness.

Question 8

What is the primary focus of Behaviorism?

Answer 8

Only studying observable behavior.

Question 9

Who popularized the Behaviorism approach?

Answer 9

John B. Watson.

Question 10

What is the Stimulus-Response (S-R) Theory?

Answer 10

Behavior is either a reflex evoked by a stimulus or a consequence of prior learning.

Question 11

What was the focus of Watson’s ‘Little Albert’ experiment?

Answer 11

Demonstrating that emotional reactions could be conditioned in a child.

Question 12

Who is known for the Skinner Box?

Answer 12

B.F. Skinner.

Question 13

What principle did B.F. Skinner emphasize regarding behavior?

Answer 13

Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes.

Question 14

What is Psychoanalysis?

Answer 14

A psychological approach that focuses on unconscious determinants of behavior.

Question 15

Who is the founder of Psychoanalysis?

Answer 15

Sigmund Freud.

Question 16

What does the term ‘unconscious’ refer to in Freud’s theory?

Answer 16

Thoughts, memories, and desires below conscious awareness.

Question 17

What are Defense Mechanisms?

Answer 17

Strategies to cope with inner conflicts and protect from anxiety-producing thoughts.

Question 18

What is Repression in the context of Defense Mechanisms?

Answer 18

The unconscious act of pushing unacceptable thoughts out of awareness.

Question 19

What is the Pleasure Principle according to Freud?

Answer 19

The instinctive tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

Question 20

What concept did Carl Jung introduce?

Answer 20

Collective unconscious.

Question 21

What are Archetypes according to Carl Jung?

Answer 21

Innate, universal symbols or themes within the collective unconscious.

Question 22

What is Humanism in psychology?

Answer 22

An approach emphasizing the unique qualities of humans and their potential for personal growth.

Question 23

Who are the key proponents of Humanism?

Answer 23

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.

Question 24

What is Person-Centered Therapy?

Answer 24

A therapeutic approach prioritizing empathy, active listening, and unconditional positive regard.

Question 25

What does Self-Actualization refer to?

Answer 25

The innate drive toward realizing one’s full potential.

Question 26

What is Self-Concept?

Answer 26

How an individual perceives and values themselves.

Question 27

True or False: Behaviorism emphasizes internal mental processes.

Answer 27

False.

Question 28

Fill in the blank: Freud's theory emphasizes the role of the ______ in shaping human behavior.

Answer 28

unconscious.

Question 29

What is the main critique of Behaviorism?

Answer 29

It oversimplifies the human experience as simple animal behavior.

Question 30

What was a significant contribution of Freud to clinical psychology?

Answer 30

The development of talk therapy.

Question 31

What are the three principal contributors to Psychoanalysis?

Answer 31

* Sigmund Freud * Carl Jung * Alfred Adler

Question 32

What is self-concept in person-centered therapy?

Answer 32

How an individual perceives and values themselves. ## Footnote Rogers highlighted the importance of a positive self-concept.

Question 33

What is the significance of incongruence in self-concept?

Answer 33

It is viewed as a source of psychological distress. ## Footnote Incongruence occurs between the self-concept and lived experiences.

Question 34

What did humanistic psychology shift the focus of psychology towards?

Answer 34

Personal growth, well-being, and potential for positive change. ## Footnote This shift moved away from pathology and illness.

Question 35

What is cognition?

Answer 35

Refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. ## Footnote Focuses on thoughts, conscious experience, and mental processes.

Question 36

Who is known as the 'father of cognitive psychology'?

Answer 36

Ulric Neisser. ## Footnote He published 'Cognitive Psychology' in 1967, challenging behaviorism.

Question 37

What defines cognitive psychology according to Ulric Neisser?

Answer 37

All processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used. ## Footnote This definition emphasizes mental processes.

Question 38

What does the cognitive perspective emphasize?

Answer 38

People's mental manipulation of information influences behavior. ## Footnote Mental operations are indirectly observable and important.

Question 39

What is the light from above bias?

Answer 39

The cognitive bias that our visual system assumes light typically comes from overhead, influencing our perception of objects and their shading.

Question 40

What was the Stanford Marshmallow Experiment focused on?

Answer 40

Cognitive theories of self-regulation and deferred gratification. ## Footnote Conducted by Walter Mischel in 1972.

Question 41

What factors can affect behavioral responses besides learning?

Answer 41

Personality. ## Footnote Delaying gratification is also age-dependent.

Question 42

What is neuroscience?

Answer 42

An organism’s functioning can be explained in terms of the brain structures and biochemical processes that underlie behavior.

Question 43

Who discovered Broca’s Area?

Answer 43

Paul Broca. ## Footnote Discovered in 1861; it is crucial for the production of speech.

Question 44

What did Hubel and Wiesel discover?

Answer 44

Certain cells in the brain respond to specific types of visual input. ## Footnote They won the Nobel Prize in 1981 for their work.

Question 45

What did Eric Kandel study?

Answer 45

A marine slug (Aplysia) with enormous neurons and its gill withdrawal reflex. ## Footnote His work demonstrated the biological basis of cognitive processes.

Question 46

What is the main conclusion from Kandel's research?

Answer 46

Synaptic connections between neurons become strengthened during learning. ## Footnote This is critical for understanding memory storage.

Question 47

What does evolutionary psychology examine?

Answer 47

Behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over generations.

Question 48

What favors behaviors according to evolutionary psychology?

Answer 48

Natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success. ## Footnote This perspective emerged as a new theoretical framework since the 1950s/1960s.