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Lecture 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What does personality refer to?

A

An individual’s unique set of consistent behavioral traits

Personality traits are stable over time and influence how individuals think, communicate, and behave.

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2
Q

Define a personality trait.

A

A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

Examples include impulsive, introverted, moody, anxious.

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3
Q

What is Factor Analysis?

A

A statistical approach to analyze correlations among many variables to identify closely related clusters of variables

Used to derive the Five Factor Model of personality traits.

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4
Q

What are the Five main personality traits according to the Five Factor Model?

A
  • Agreeableness
  • Extraversion
  • Openness to Experience
  • Neuroticism
  • Conscientiousness

This model is based on extensive research and psychological testing.

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5
Q

What characterizes someone high in Agreeableness?

A

Sympathetic, trusting, modest, and cooperative

Correlated with empathy and helping behavior.

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6
Q

What is Extraversion characterized by?

A

Outgoing, sociable, assertive, and gregarious

Introversion is not shyness but a preference for less socializing.

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7
Q

Who introduced the concepts of Introversion and Extraversion in Psychology?

A

Carl Jung

Jung’s work in Analytical Psychology laid the foundation for these concepts.

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8
Q

What did Hans Eysenck propose about introverts?

A

Introverts have higher base levels of cortical arousal

This leads them to seek less environmental stimulation than extraverts.

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9
Q

What does research suggest about the inheritance of personality traits?

A

Identical twins tend to have more similar personalities, but shared family environment has little impact

Parental influence does not significantly affect offspring personality.

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10
Q

What characterizes someone high in Openness to Experience?

A

Curiosity, flexibility, imaginativeness, and interest in new ideas

Often related to more liberal attitudes and tolerance of diversity.

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11
Q

What is Neuroticism associated with?

A

Worry, insecurity, anxiety, hostility, self-consciousness, and vulnerability

High neuroticism is linked to emotional instability.

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12
Q

What traits characterize someone high in Conscientiousness?

A

Diligence, well-organization, punctuality, and dependability

Associated with high levels of self-discipline.

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13
Q

What does the Dark Triad refer to?

A

A combination of three traits: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy

These traits lead to negative, antisocial behavioral tendencies.

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14
Q

Define Narcissism.

A

A personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance and a need for admiration

Often initially charming but can become arrogant and selfish over time.

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15
Q

What is Machiavellianism?

A

Enjoyment of and skill in manipulating others

Named after Niccolo Machiavelli, who suggested unethical methods for acquiring power.

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16
Q

What characterizes Psychopathy?

A

Lack of empathy, impulsivity, and a parasitic lifestyle

High levels of indifference to others’ discomfort are a key trait.

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17
Q

What is Sadism in the context of the Dark Tetrad?

A

Deriving pleasure from the pain, suffering, or humiliation of others

Unlike the other traits, sadism involves a desire for cruelty.

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18
Q

What are the historical perspectives that shaped modern personality theory?

A
  • Psychodynamic view (Sigmund Freud)
  • Behaviorism (B.F. Skinner)
  • Humanism (Carl Rogers)
  • Biological/Genetic View (Hans Eysenck)

Each perspective contributes different insights into personality development.

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19
Q

What are the three major components of personality according to Freud?

A
  • Id
  • Ego
  • Superego

These components interact to shape personality and behavior.

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20
Q

What does the Id represent in Freud’s theory?

A

The primitive, instinctive component of personality operating on the pleasure principle

It seeks immediate gratification of urges.

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21
Q

What is the Superego?

A

The moral component of personality that incorporates social standards for right and wrong

It develops from societal expectations learned during childhood.

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22
Q

What does the Ego do in Freud’s model?

A

Mediates between the Id and Superego and operates according to the reality principle

It seeks to satisfy urges in socially appropriate ways.

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23
Q

What are Freud’s levels of awareness?

A
  • Conscious
  • Pre-conscious
  • Unconscious

These levels represent different degrees of awareness regarding thoughts and feelings.

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24
Q

What is a key criticism of Freud’s theories?

A

Many theories lack real-world evidence and are not scientifically testable

Most were based on non-representative samples, primarily his own patients.

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25
What did B.F. Skinner contribute to personality theory?
A focus on observable behavior and the role of operant conditioning in shaping personality ## Footnote He believed environmental consequences influence behavior responses.
26
What is Self-Efficacy according to Albert Bandura?
One’s belief about their ability to perform behaviors that lead to expected outcomes ## Footnote High self-efficacy correlates with lower procrastination and better health behaviors.
27
What is the Phenomenological Approach in Humanism?
Understanding individuals’ personal, subjective experiences to comprehend their behavior ## Footnote Emphasizes the importance of individual experiences and beliefs.
28
Define Self-Concept.
A collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior ## Footnote Personality arises from an individual's understanding of themselves.
29
What is Incongruence in Humanism?
The difference between self-concept and actual experiences ## Footnote High incongruence can lead to psychological distress.
30
What does the Genetic/Biological View suggest about personality?
Personality traits have a genetic basis and are largely inherited ## Footnote Hans Eysenck's work supports this view.
31
What is the term for when individuals are unaware of their own lack of knowledge?
Cognitive biases about the self
32
What is the term that Rogers used to describe the difference between the self-concept and actual experiences?
Incongruence
33
What can a large amount of incongruence lead to?
Distress/anxieties and other problems with behaviour/cognition
34
Who was a key proponent of the idea of genetic predisposition to personality and behaviour?
Hans Eysenck
35
What does the biological view suggest about personality?
Personality is largely determined by evolutionary adaptations, the wiring of the brain, and heredity
36
What does genetic vulnerability refer to?
Disorders of personality arising from genetic factors activated by environmental influences
37
Define Social Psychology.
The branch of psychology concerned with how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by others
38
How does Social Psychology differ from Sociology?
Sociology studies societal groups and their interactions, while Social Psychology emphasizes the individual and small groups
39
What is the unit of analysis in focus groups in Social Psychology?
The group rather than the individual
40
What is the process of forming impressions of others called?
Person Perception
41
What cognitive shortcuts do we use in decision-making and person perception?
Heuristics
42
How does physical appearance influence person perception?
It heavily influences perceptions of others’ personalities and traits
43
According to Segal-Caspi et al (2012), attractive people are often viewed as being higher in which traits?
* Agreeableness * Extraversion * Openness to experience * Conscientiousness
44
What is a schema?
A cognitive structure that allows us to organize the world around us
45
What do schemas allow people to do?
Categorize things based on past experiences and make decisions
46
What did Bartlett (1932) propose about knowledge structures?
They provide a way for us to organize and cluster similar, related pieces of knowledge
47
What is default knowledge in the context of schemas?
Knowledge about the most likely values for the attributes of a schema
48
Define Social Schema.
Organized clusters of ideas about categories of social events and people
49
What are stereotypes?
Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics due to their group membership
50
What types of stereotypes are most common?
* Age * Sex/gender * Ethnic groups * Occupational groups
51
What is Confirmation Bias?
The tendency for people to process information in a way that reinforces their pre-existing beliefs
52
What is a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?
When changes in our behaviour due to expectations make the expected outcomes more likely
53
What does evolutionary theory argue about categorizing people?
It comes from an evolutionary need to rapidly separate friend from foe
54
Define ingroup and outgroup.
* Ingroup: A group that one belongs to and identifies with * Outgroup: A group that one does not belong to or identify with
55
What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
The tendency for observers to favor internal attributions in explaining others’ behaviors
56
What are the two types of attributions described by Fritz Heider?
* Internal attributions * External attributions
57
What is the Self-Serving Bias?
The tendency to attribute one’s successes to personal factors and one’s failures to situational factors
58
What is Defensive Attribution?
The tendency to blame victims for their misfortunes
59
What are the two cultural components of attribution?
* Individualism * Collectivism
60
In which cultures is the self-serving bias more prevalent?
Individualist cultures (e.g., North America/Western Europe)
61
What is the tendency of people when observing others' behavior?
To attribute their behavior to internal factors rather than situational factors

Intro Psych (16 decks)

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