Federalism

Question 1

Dual Federalism (1789-1932)

Answer 1

1. State government and national government deal with their powers INDEPENDENTLY of each other

Question 2

Grants

Answer 2

Free (no debt) money to states/local governments

Question 3

Categorical Formula Grants

Answer 3

Based on formula: # of ppl x $$ per person, often come with strings such as matching funds requirement where $$ must be partially paid by state

Question 4

Categorical Project Grants

Answer 4

Money is given to states based on specific proposed programs and funding

Question 5

Block Grants

Answer 5

Grants given over broad policies such as education or welfare
- “Creeping categorization” adds more strings by specifying where X amount of money from grant goes

Question 6

Mandate

Answer 6

1. Funded mandate: States do something required by federal law that is paid ONE HUNDRED PERCENT by the federal government
2. Unfunded mandate: Mandate that is not fully paid for by the federal government

Question 7

Cooperative Federalism (1933-1960s)

Answer 7

1. State and National government work together to do something
2. Ex. National government gives relief $$ to states after a natural disaster

Question 8

Centralized Federalism (1963-1981)

Answer 8

Conditional programs/directives and grants to support national agenda

Question 9

New Federalism (1981-now)

Answer 9

Devolution of policy responsibilities (making, financing, and implementation)

Question 10

Conflicted Federalism

Answer 10

Combining dual, cooperative, and/or centralized on different policy matters creating a conflicted over policy agenda

Question 11

Exclusive Powers

Answer 11

Powers delegated specifically to one level of government (ex. Congress declares war)

Question 12

Concurrent Powers

Answer 12

Powers delegated to multiple levels of government (ex. Power to tax, build roads)

Question 13

Due Process

Answer 13

Not losing natural rights (life, liberty, and property) without fair opportunity to defend oneself in a court of law (ex. Free lawyer, witnesses, public trial, habeas corpus)

Question 14

Habeas Corpus

Answer 14

An accused person is told what they are being charged with by a judge (ex. Lincoln suspended during Civil War)

Question 15

Emoluments Clause

Answer 15

No bribes from other nations (ex. Biden bribes from China? Trump bribes from Russia?)

Question 16

Inherent Powers

Answer 16

Implied powers for the president (ex. Issuing executive orders)

Question 17

Police Powers

Answer 17

State passes law to protect health and safety (ex. COVID protocols)

Question 18

Supremacy Clause

Answer 18

Constitution = Supreme law of land (US v. Lopez, state won due to Constitution)

Question 19

Devolution Revolution

Answer 19

Sending power from federal government to states (ex. Began with Nixon and Reagan)

Question 20

Commerce Clause

Answer 20

Federal government granted power to regulate trade w/other nations, between states, and indian tribes (ex. Gun-Free School Zone Act only applies to guns moving from state to state)

Question 21

Necessary and proper/elastic clause

Answer 21

Congress has unlisted powers necessary to use expressed/enumerated powers (ex. Creation of IRS)

Question 22

Implied Powers

Answer 22

Powers Congress claims to be necessary to carry out expressed powers

Question 23

Enumerated Powers

Answer 23

Powers explicitly stated in the Constitution (ex. Power to lay and collect taxes)

Question 24

Confederation

Answer 24

States remain the main holders of power with a weak central government (ex. Articles of Confederations United States)

Question 25

Unitary Government

Answer 25

Smaller governments exist at the will of the central government (ex. Parliament pre-revolution)

Question 26

Federal Government

Answer 26

2 levels of government with different or shared powers as outlined by the Constitution (ex. Modern America)

Question 27

State Sovereignty

Answer 27

States' ability/power to make decisions (ex. state regulation of gun laws)

Question 28

Creeping Categorization

Answer 28

Strings on block grants forcing certain funds to be allocated to specific areas (ex. education, $14 million spent on teacher salaries)

Question 29

Appellate Jurisdiction

Answer 29

The ability to hear (and related powers of) cases on appeal from lower courts

Question 30

Impeachment Process

Answer 30

Due to "high crimes and misdemeanors," civil officers (president, VP, judges) can be impeached by: 1. An accusation in the House of Reps 2. A House Judiciary Committee investigation 3. A full House agreeing with a simple majority (ex. Presidents Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton)

Question 31

Judicial Review

Answer 31

The Supreme Court's and federal courts' ability to declare actions of government unconstitutional (ex. Marbury v. Madison striking down 1789 Judiciary Act))

Question 32

Impeachment

Answer 32

The process, not outcome, of an accusation of criminality of a president, VP, judge,

Question 33

Popular sovereignty

Answer 33

the idea that the power of a government stems solely from the people