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Business Process Mgmt > Fetal Heart > Flashcards

Fetal Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is a normal fetal HR? (doesn’t say a specific GA)

A

120-160 or 180 bpm

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2
Q

Which heart chamber is closest to the spine?

A

LA

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3
Q

Where is the foramen ovale located?

A

LA

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4
Q

Which valve is closer to the apex of the heart?

A

Tricuspid

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5
Q

What can a 3VV enable the diagnosis of?

A 
coarctation of the aorta
right aortic arch
double aortic arch (tetralogy of fallot)
absence of a great artery
truncus arteriosus
transposition of the great arteries
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6
Q

What are 4 findings that are associated with Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

VSD
misplaced aorta
pulmonary valve stenosis
thickened muscle wall

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7
Q

What is the transposition of the great arteries?

A

aorta-right ventricle
PA-left ventricle (4-7% of heart defects)

simple transposition can be successfully treated with arterial switch operation within the first week of live

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8
Q

What is truncus arteriosus almost always associated with?

A

VSD

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9
Q

What is truncus arteriosus?

A

single trunk supplies both the pulmonary and systemic circulation
does not cause hemodynamic problem in uterus, but is a major problem postnatally (80% death rate in first year)

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10
Q

In the 3VV and trachea view, should the trv aortic arch and ductal arch be similar sizes? If not, which one should be larger?

A

Same size

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11
Q

Which sagittal view looks like a candy cane?

A

aortic arch

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12
Q

Which sagittal view looks like a hockey stick?

A

ductal arch view

ductus arteriosus

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13
Q

What is the leading cause of infant mortality?

A

congenital heart disease

incidence of 4-13 per 1000 live births

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14
Q

What are indications for a fetal echo? (11)

A 
abnormal heart on screening
hydrops
polyhydramnios
fetal arrhythmia
chromosomal anomalies
family hx
maternal disease (diabeetus)
teratogen exposure
inc NT
monitoring for intrauterine therapy
monitoring for persistant tachyarrhytmia, hydrops
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15
Q

What sets the rhythm of the heart?

A

natural pacemaker of the heart called sinoatrial (or sinus) node

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16
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node located?

A

wall of RA

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17
Q

When is irregular rhythm most common?

A

3rd trimester

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18
Q

Most irregular rhythms are due to what?

A

premature atrial contractions (PAC’s)

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19
Q

Irregular rhythm is the most common arrthymia. True or false

A

true

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20
Q

Occasional skipped beats can be associated with an increased risk of heart disease. True or false

A

false

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21
Q

If a fetus has arrhythmia’s, when are they expected to disappear?

A

spontaneously near term or shortly after birth

22
Q

Fetal bradycardia is a HR of

A

<100 bpm (sustained)

23
Q

Mild bradycardia is transiently observed in the ___ trimester.

A

2nd

24
Q

Sustained bradycardia required timely evaluation for a possible _____ ______.

A

heart block

interference w/ the transfer of the electrical nerve impulses (conduction) that regulates the normal, rhythmic, pumping action of heart muscle

25
Q

What can be an indicator of 3rd trimester fetal distress?

A

repetitive heart rate decelerations

26
Q

Which arrhythmia has the most liklihood to be associated with a structural heart abnormality?

A

bradycardia

27
Q

What’s the most frequently associated structural defect seen with bradycardia?

A

atrioventricular canal defect

28
Q

In tachycardia, HR is?

A

> 180bpm

29
Q

What is tachycardia associated with?

A

congestive heart failure and hydrops

30
Q

Levocardia:

A

normal cardiac position

31
Q

Dextrocardia:

A

bulk of heart is in the anterior right chest and cardiac axis is reversed

32
Q

Dextroposition:

A

heart is displaced to the right side by maintains normal apical axis
81% mortality rate

33
Q

Ectopia Cordis:

A

heart is located outside the thoracic cavity

results in the failure of fusion of the lateral body fold in the thoracic region

34
Q

Ectopia cordis is classified into 4 types, what are they and which one is most common

A

thoracic 60%
abdominal 30%
thoracic abdominal 7%
cervical 3%

35
Q

Thoracic ectopia cordis

A

heart is displaced from thoracic cavity through a sternal/anterior chest wall defect

36
Q

Abdominal ectopia cordis

A

heart is displaced into the abdomen through a diaphragmatic defect

37
Q

Thoracic abdominal ectopia cordis

A

heart is displaced from the chest through a defect in the lower sternum with an associated diaphragmatic or ventral abdominal wall defect

38
Q

Cervical ectopia cordis

A

heart is displaced in the neck area

39
Q

Ectopia cordis can be associated with Pentalogy of Cantrell. What is that?

A

condition characterized by a sternal cleft, ventral diaphragmatic hernia, omphalocele, intracardiac anomalies and ectopia cordis.
prognosis is poor

40
Q

Atrial Septal Defects (ASD):

A

results from an error in the amount of tissue reabsorbed or deposited in the interatrial septum

41
Q

Ventricular septal defect (VSD):

A

most common cardiac anomaly that’s associated with chromosomal abnormality and diabetes mellitus
high recurrence rate

42
Q

Which septal defect has a high association with teratogen exposure

A

ventricular

43
Q

Atrioventricular septal defect is also called:

A

endocardial cushion defect

44
Q

AVSD:

A

defect in the lower position of the atrial septum and upper portion of the ventricular septum

45
Q

AVSD’s are most commonly associated with

A

Tri 21

46
Q

What are the types of AVSD

A

complete, partial transitional

47
Q

Complete AVSD:

A

defects in all structures formed by the endocardial cushions. Valves remain undivided or “common”

48
Q

Partial/Incomplete AVSD:

A

part of the ventricular septum formed by the endocardial cushions has filled in
mitral and tricuspid valves are divided into 2 distinct valves
primarily in the atrial septum and mitral valve

49
Q

Partial/Incomplete AVSD is also referred to as

A

ostium primum atrial septal defect

usually associated with a cleft that may cause the valve to leak

50
Q

Transitional type AVSD:

A

similar to complete, but leaflets of the common AV valve are stuck to the ventricular septum
this divides the valve into 2 valves and closes most of the hole between ventricles

Business Process Mgmt (30 decks)

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