Fewell - Cardiovascular (Introduction) 2021

Question 1

Cardiovascular System (primary roles)

Answer 1

1. maintaining homeostasis through the transport of
   nutrients and dissolved gases to tissues
2. removal of by-products of metabolism via kidney/exhalation
   (goal of transport)

Question 2

Goal of transport

Answer 2

match supply to demand

Question 3

Cardiovascular System (secondary roles)
> _regulation
>_signaling via _
> _ responses

Answer 3

(also maintaining homeostatic mechanisms)
• body temperature regulation
• chemical signaling to cells via hormones
• immune responses

Question 4

Integration of Heart, Blood and Vessels in cardiovascular system

Answer 4

The heart (a pump) that generates the pressure needed to circulate blood (a heterogeneous liquid) through vessels (a set of containers) to the tissues

Question 5

Congestive heart failure

Answer 5

failure of the heart as a pump

Question 6

embolus

Answer 6

failure of the blood as an effective liquid organ

Question 7

stroke/haemorrhage

Answer 7

failure of the vasculature as a competent container (blood leaves vessels?)
-sudden loss of consciousness resulting when the rupture or occlusion of a blood vessel leads to oxygen lack in the brain

Question 8

atherosclerosis

Answer 8

failure of the vasculature as an efficient distribution system (maybe due to plaques?)

Question 9

coronary artery disease

Answer 9

• most common type of heart disease

- impacts more men than women

Question 10

Great Way to preventing Heart Disease

Answer 10

-adopting healthy behaviors

Question 11

Dual Pump

Answer 11

the heart drives the blood into two serial & closed circuits

Question 12

systemic circulation

Answer 12

high pressure blood circulation

-unidirectional flow via flap valves

Question 13

pulmonary circulation

Answer 13

lower pressure blood circulation

-unidirectional flow via flap valves

Question 14

purpose of flap valves

Answer 14

cause unidirectional blood flow

Question 15

when does the heart rest?

Answer 15

Never if it does we die within minutes (unlike other organs)

Question 16

Blood Flow

Answer 16

Blood from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

-high pressure leaving heart via aorta and dissipates as blood moves to tissues than venules to venae cavae

Question 17

Circulatory System Containers (artery side)

Answer 17

atrial side are high pressure and therefore have thicker vessels to prevent bursting, elastic artery can expand and contract

Question 18

Circulatory System Containers (veine side)

Answer 18

lower pressure therefore less thick

Question 19

location of heart
> found in the chest's \_\_\_\_
>middle region \_\_\_\_
>ventral \_\_\_
>posterior \_\_\_\_

Answer 19

interior-> chest -> mediastinum
middle region -> thorax 
ventral -> behind sternum
Posterior -> behind spinal cord 
-sternum and spinal cord are boney protection

Question 20

size of the human heart

Answer 20

about the size of a fist

Question 21

skeleton of the heart

Answer 21

• fibrous tissue rings that serves as a semi-rigid support for the valves (inside of 4 rings)
• servers as an attachment/anchor for cardiac muscles

Question 22

which ventricule is thicker and why

Answer 22

thicker muscles and how to do more work than right ventricle

Question 23

Right ventricle

Answer 23

thinner compared to left ventricle

Question 24

Atrioventricular valves

Answer 24

valves lie between atria and ventricles

• triscusped valve
• bicusped valve

Question 25

Tricuspid Valve

Answer 25

between right atria & right ventricle (3 cusps or flaps)

Question 26

Bicuspid or Mitral Valve

Answer 26

between left atria & left ventricle (2 cusps or flaps)

Question 27

Semilunar Valves

Answer 27

valves lie between ventricles and great arteries - pulmonary valve - aortic valve

Question 28

Pulmonary Valve

Answer 28

– between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk (3 cusps or flaps)

Question 29

Aortic Valve

Answer 29

– between left ventricle and aorta (3 cusps or flaps)

Question 30

how are the valves/cusps shaped?

Answer 30

like half-moons

Question 31

where are there no valves

Answer 31

no valves are the blood comes back from the lungs?????

Question 32

how do valves close

Answer 32

passively

Question 33

coronary arteries (why is it unqiure)

Answer 33

heart is the only organ that supplies its on blood flow

Question 34

Coronary Veins return to heart via?

Answer 34

blood that was feeding the heart returns to the right side by draining into the coronary sinus

Question 35

chordae tendinea

Answer 35

function like parachute cords - puts tension via cords on the valves - provide rigidity to vavles

Question 36

walls of the heart

Answer 36

- left ventricle has thick walls | - going from cavity outwards

Question 37

pericardium -anatomy >_ sac keeps _ > _ membrane makes _

Answer 37

Two layers: • A loose fitting inextensible, fibrous sac that surrounds the heart and is attached to the great vessels (keeps the heart in place and from overextending) • A serous membrane that lines the fibrous sac with serous fluid (parietal) and covers the heart (visceral) (produce protein containing fluid that lubricates heart to avoid rubbing on surrounding body)

Question 38

Serous membranes

Answer 38

- line and enclose several body cavities, know as serous cavities where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from movement (pericardial fluid 10-15 mL).

Question 39

Serous fluid

Answer 39

– fluid secreted by serous membranes that reduce friction in serous cavities.

Question 40

how to fix pericardial effusion

Answer 40

fix with putting a needle into the chest

Question 41

``` Pericardium - Function >maintenance of _ and _ > separation from _ >protection from_ >facilation of _ ```

Answer 41

``` • Maintenance of cardiac position • Separation from surrounding tissues in mediastinum • Protection against ventricular dilatation • Maintenance of low transmural pressures • Facilitation of ventricular interdependence ```

Question 42

Blood Pressure 120/80 means

Answer 42

systolic (120) vs diastyolic (80) - healthy blood pressure - units mm Hg

Question 43

pressure

Answer 43

is the amount of force acting per unit | area.

Question 44

Stephen Hales

Answer 44

measured blood pressure in the house | -see how high atrial pressure in the horse pushed to mercury