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Cardiovascular Physiology > Lecture 3/4 textbook notes > Flashcards

Lecture 3/4 textbook notes Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal muscle`structure

A
  • attached to bones & moves parts of the skeleton

- striated

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2
Q

cardiac muscle structure

A
  • forms heart wall

- striated

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3
Q

skeletal muscle regulation

A

-voluntary movement and subconscious

>regulated by motor neurons of somatic NS

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4
Q

cardiac muscle regulation

A 
-subconscious control
>regulated by ANS
>hormones: NE and E
>K+/Ca2+/Na+
>body temperature
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5
Q

smooth muscle structure

A
  • walls of hollow internal structures (blood vessels … etc)
  • non striated
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6
Q

smooth muscle regulation

A

-involuntary

>regulated by motor neurons ANS & endocrine hormones

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7
Q

skeletal muscle functions

A
  • producing body movements
  • stabilizing body position
  • generation heat (shivering)
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8
Q

all muscle functions

A

-moving and storing substances within the body

>sphincters, stomach, urinary bladder, heart, GI tract, lymph and blood flow

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9
Q

muscle properties

A

-electrical excitability
>action potentials and pace makers
-contractility
>muscle contracts and generates tension on attachment points -> shortens and movement
-extensibility
>stretch without damage (smooth muscle most stretchy)
-elasticity
>muscle returns to original shape after contraction/extension

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10
Q

skeletal muscle fiber components

A
  • muscle fibers
  • fascicles
  • tendons
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11
Q

muscle fibers

A

-10-100 muscle fibres

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12
Q

fascicles

A

connective tissue surrounds 10-100 muscle fibers -> bundles

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13
Q

tendons

A

connective tissue surrounds entire muscle and attaches muscle to bone with tendons

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14
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of muscle fiber

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15
Q

transverse tubules

A

invaginations of sarcolemma which tunnel from surface to the center of the fiber
>filled with extracellular fluid

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16
Q

sarcoplasm surrounded by ____

A

sarcolemma

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17
Q

sarcoplasm is the ____ of the muscle fiber

A

cytoplasm

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18
Q

sarcoplasm functions

A
  • house mt
  • stores glycogen
  • has myoglobin to store O2
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19
Q

myofibrils

A

extend throughout sarcoplasm
>contractile element
>contain filament (thin and thicK)

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20
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum encircles ____

A

myofibril

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21
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum structure

A

fluid filled sacs (stores Ca2+)

-ends sacs: terminal cisterna

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22
Q

terminal ciserna function

A

-release Ca2+

>right next to T tubules

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23
Q

triad

A

transverse tuble and 2 x terminal cisterna

>linked by DHP receptors with voltage gated Ca2+ channels

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24
Q

Z discs

A

seperate sacromeres

>dense protein

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25
A band
extends length of thick filament >has some thin filament >darker
26
I band
thin filaments >includes Z disc > lighter
27
H zone
-area inside A band with only thick filaments
28
M line
center of H zone with proteins that hold thick filaments together
29
contractile proteins function
generate force during contraction
30
types of contractile proteins
- myosin | - actin
31
myosin
-motor protein >make up thick filament > 2 heavy (myosin tail) > 4 light chains (ATP and actin binding sites)
32
actin
many G-actin -> 1 F-actin ... + topomyosin + tropnin -> thin filament
33
tropomyosin
cover myosin-binding site on actin when relaxed
34
troponin
binds to tropomyesin, actin and Ca2+
35
Structural proteins function
help with aligment, stability, extensibility and elasticity
36
types of structural proteins
- titin - a-actinin - myomesin - nebulin - dystrophin
37
titin
connects Z disc with M line | >thick filament stability
38
a-actinin
connects Z disc + actin (thin filaments) + titin
39
myomesin
binds titin + thick filamnet -> M line
40
Nebulin
wraps thin filaments (anchors thin filaments and Z discs)
41
Dystrophin
links thin filaments ( sarcoma) + integral membrane proteins (sarcolemma)/tendons
42
sliding filament model
skeletal muscle shortens during contraction because thick and thin filaments slide past eachother >thin filaments move towards M line of each sarcomere >H and I zone disappear
43
contraction cycle Stages
1. ATP hydrolysis 2. attachement of myosin to actin 3. power stroke 4. detachment of myosin from actin
44
contraction cycle: ATP hydrolysis
myosin heat (ATP -> ADP) energized to 90 degrees
45
contraction cycle: attachment of myosin to actin
myosin head + myosin-binding site (actin) >phosphate leaves >myosin head -> crossbridge
46
contraction cycle: power stroke
myosein head at 90 degrees -> 45 >thin filament pulled past thick towards sarcoma >ADP leaves
47
contraction cycle: detachment of myosin from actin
-actin-head + ATP -> actin leaves
48
*****
somatic motor neuron triggers msucle contraction section!!!
49
excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle
muscle action potential -> T tubules -> releases Ca2+ from SR -> contraction
50
decreases in [Ca2+]sarcoplasm causes
skeletal muscle relaxation
51
Calsequesinin
calcium binding protein in SR that stores calcium
52
motor unit
somatic motor neuron and many muscle fibers
53
muscle twitch definition
single action pot. -> muscle fibers -> brief contraction
54
muscle twich record
myogram | latent period -> contraction period (increased tension) -> relaxation period (decreased tension)
55
Graded contraction can occur in ___
skeletal muscle
56
muscles tension factors
- frequency of stimulation - muscle fiber length - muscle fiber diameter - motor unit size - motor unit recruitment
57
muscle tension: frequency of stimulation
-1 signal immediately after the other -> only responds to 1st stimulus >1 signal -> contraction -> refractory period -> 2nd signal -> stronger second contraction >wave summation
58
wave summation
- unfused tetanus: sustained but wavering contraction | - fused tentanus: smoot, sustained contraction (rare and incredible strenght)
59
muscle tension: muscle fiber length
-optimal zone of overlap so myosin head can contact thin filaments
60
muscle tension: muscle fiber diameter
thicker means more myofibrils and greater tension
61
muscle tensions: motor unit size
relative to task | >ex: larynx -> 2-3 muscle fibers per motor unit vs leg -> 2000-3000
62
muscle tensions: motor unit recruitment
- increase number of active motor units for greater contraction force - asynchronous recruitment: smallest -> larger motor unit recruitment (task based)
63
muscle tone
- established by different motor units that are alternately active and inactive - flaccid: motor neurons are damaged or cut
64
muscle attachment site
origin: muslce tendon- stationary base insertion: muscle- movable bone
65
muscle actions
- flexion: bending limb at join - exention: straightening limb at joint - antagonistic muscles: biceps and tricepts
66
lever system with muscles
- lever: bone - joint: fulcrum - effort: movement - load: opposes movement
67
mechanical advantage
load closer to fulcrum than effort | >think wheel borrow
68
series elastic elements
tendons are elastic and in series with contractile elements of the muscle
69
isotonic muscle contraction
- constant muscle tension but changing muscle lenght | ex: body movements and object movement
70
isotonic concentric
tension generated exceeds load -> shortens muscles | >ex: picking book off table
71
isotonic eccentric
tension exerted resists movement of load -> slows lenghtening of muscle ex: putting book back on table
72
isometic contraction
tension generated does not exceed load-> muscle lenght does not change >ex: trying to left object that is too heavy or holding something steady
73
cardiac vs skeletal muscle fibers (structure)
cardiac is: shorter in length and diameter, has more branching, less T tubules and smaller SR
74
cardiac muslce: intercalated discs
-connect the ends of muscle fibers (thickening of sarcolemma)
75
intercalated discs: desmosomes
cell junction that mechanically binds 2 fibers | helps prevent failing apart
76
intercalated discs: gap junctions
cell junction that electrically binds 2 fibers
77
cardiac fibers: functional syncytium
at gap junction action potentials spread throughout fibers
78
cardiac muscle prevent tetanus with ___
long refractory periods
79
Sinoatrial (SA) node location
in the wall of the right atrium close to the opening of the superior vena cava.
80
Atrioventricular (AV) node location
in the interatrial septum
81
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle location
in the upper part of the interventricular septum.
82
Right and left bundle branches location
in the interventricular septum.
83
Purkinje fibers location
in the ventricular wall.

Cardiovascular Physiology (14 decks)

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