Filarial Worms Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

FILARIASIS

Is the Common name of ___________

any disease caused by filarial worms:

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List the Pathogenic FILARIA worms

List 5/6

Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi;
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Brugia timori

W. bancrofti var. pacifica

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List the Non-pathogenic FILARIA worms

All 3

Mansonella perstans

Mansonella streptocerca

Mansonella ozzardi

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Transmission of filaria worms

For non-pathogenic species: _______ sp. (__________)

Culicoides

biting midges

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Transmission of filaria worms

bites of _______ vectors

dipteran

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Microfilarial periodicity:

nocturnal or diurnal

W. bancrofti var. pacifica*)

nocturnal

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Microfilarial periodicity:

nocturnal or diurnal

B. malayi; B. timori

nocturnal

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Microfilarial periodicity:

nocturnal or diurnal

Loa loa

diurnal

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Microfilariae (mf) can either be ______ or ______

sheathed & unsheathed

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The only unsheathed pathogenic filarial worm is ???

Onchocerca volvulus

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The common unsheathed non pathogenic filarial worm is ???

Mansonella ozzardi

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LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS Aetiologic agent(s):

______________

W. bancrofti

B. malayi

B. timori

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Epidemiology

W. bancrofti: found _________

B. malayi: found _____

B. timori: small focus in _______

Worldwide

in Asia

Indonesia

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Vectors:

W. bancrofti:
trans: spp. of ______________________

B. malayi
(trans: spp. of _____________)

B. timori:(trans: _____________)

Anopheles1; Culex1; Aedes; Mansonia

Mansonia & Aedes

Anopheles barbirostris

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Microfilarial periodicity is dependent on the _____________

vector feeding time

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Lymphatic filariasis is the Leading cause of permanent disability worldwide

T/F

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Pathology/Clinical symptoms of lymphatic filariasis

 Broad range: vary considerably from one endemic region to another

________ in _____ or _____ lymph nodes; → ________ lymph nodes: mild fever, headache & malaise

inflammation

inguinal &/or axillary

deep abdominal

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Pathology/Clinical symptoms of lymphatic filariasis

Acute attack:
can ____________
____________ around lymph nodes; → ____

recur many times/yr

thickening and hardening of the skin

whole limb

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Pathology/Clinical symptoms of lymphatic filariasis

Death (adults):
•W. bancrofti: ______ and _____, inflammation of the _______ , inflammation of the _______

• B. malayi: _______ at intervals » shivers, fever, & other general symptoms

lymphadenitis & lymphangitis

epididymis; Testicles

lymphadenitis

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Pathology/Clinical symptoms of lymphatic filariasis

Chronicity (10 – 15 yr):

•Swelling of the _______ (____) & urine becomes ______(_____) (W. bancrofti)

•_____(>15 million) »_______* (≈ 30% of cases)

Scrotum( hydrocele)

Milky white (chyluria)

lymphedema; elephantiasis

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Pathology/Clinical symptoms of lymphatic filariasis

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome (TPES) may occur which is characterized by :

______ infiltrations

Increased ____ often + increased Ig__ & antifilarial Abs

lung

eosinophilia;E

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Pathology/Clinical symptoms of lymphatic filariasis

Brugia filariasis typified by:

•_______ of the ______ and _____

elephantiasis; lower leg & lower arm

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In chronic cases of Brugia filariases, there is presence of microfilaraemia

T/F

No microfilaraemia

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Diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis

 Microscopy

 A ________ test

 Biopsy of _________

__________ methods

provocation

palpable lymph nodes

Membrane filter

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Diagnosis lymphatic filariasis  Microscopy: _________ samples for motile microfilaria (Thin or Thick?) smears stained with _______

fresh blood Thick; Giemsa

Diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis A provocation test: by ______ of 100 mg ______: Leading to increased _______ after ________ severe _______ in areas with mixed filariasis

oral administration ; DEC-C microfilaraemia; 30 – 60 min Mazzotti-reaction

Prevention & Control of lymphatic filariasis _________ Avoid _______ ______ approach

Vector control vector bites Integrated

Integrated approach towards preventing lymphatic filariasis includes _________________________

annual mass treatment + Vector control

LOIASIS Aetiologic agent: ____ (________ worm/ ______ filaria)

Loa loa African eye migrating

LOIASIS Transmission: bites of _____/____/_______/_____/______flies ( ________ silacea; C. dimidiata; C. longicornis)

deer/mango/mangrove/horse/ day bitting Chrysops

LOIASIS Vector control limited by __________________

wide distribution of breeding sites

LOIASIS live predominantly in __________ in humans

subcutaneous connective tissue

LOA LOA Sexually mature worms characteristically ______ through all possible sites of ______

migrate subcutaneous connective tissue

LOA LOA Pathology/Clinical symptoms In endemic areas: most cases are ( asymptomatic or symptomatic?), save __________/________

asymptomatic travellers/visitors

LOA LOA Pathology/Clinical symptoms * _____/_________ swellings characterized by : •local _______ •recurrent, (tender or non-tender?) , ____ swellings •often on _______ and _______ •associated with localized or generalized ______

Calabar/Cameroon angioedema; non-tender; allergic forearm & near joints itching

LOA LOA Adults migrate visibly: •______ • _______ connective tissue leading to ____, severe ______, increased ______, pain, ______phobia . lasts < _____.

under skin ocular eye congestion; itching; lacrimation; photophobia 1 wk

LOA LOA Sequelae to visible migration : generalised : ______, _____ pain(____) localized:_______ pains, skin ____(___), fatigue ________ disease is uncommon

itching, neuralgia muscle & joint Rash; urticaria Chronic kidney

When LOA LOA migrates through the occular connective tissue, there is maximal eye damage T/F

F minimal eye damage

ONCHOCERCIASIS Aka __________

RIVER BLINDNESS

ONCHOCERCIASIS Aetiologic agent: ___________

Onchocerca volvulus

ONCHOCERCIASIS Transmission: _______/________ ( _______ spp.)

blackflies/buffalo gnats Simulium

Which specie of black fly is endemic in Africa: S_______ ________ complex

Simulium damnosum

ONCHOCERCIASIS Worm surface are characterised by __________

annular thickenings

Onchocerca volvulus Worms: grow & live in ______-like ________ tissue ________ They also _________

tumour-like subcutaneous connectuve tissue nodules wander around freely

Onchocerca volvulus typically found in: skin especially around ______ ________ of connective Tissues occasionally: ____,______,______

nodules lymphatics peripheral blood, urine & sputum

Clinical symptoms/Pathology of Onchocerca volvulus Some (asymptomatic or symptomatic?) Many (asymptomatic or symptomatic?)

asymptomatic symptomatic

Clinical symptoms/Pathology of Onchocerca volvulus mainly (generalised or localized?)

generalised

Clinical symptoms/Pathology of Onchocerca volvulus localized symptoms : begin with ______, transitory itchy rash » 2° inf. Sequelae: skin ___, oedematous swelling & lymphadenopathy skin ______ » ______ skin ( ____areas), particularly on the ____,____,______, Skin nodules

dermatitis thickening; atrophy; leopard; depigmented legs1, knees, shoulders

Clinical symptoms/Pathology of Onchocerca volvulus (Microfilaria or Adult?) enters the inner eye

Microfilaria

Clinical symptoms/Pathology of Onchocerca volvulus inner eye:  in cornea; microfilaria _____ , leading to (mild or severe ?) eye damage [_____,________]

Die ; severe corneal opacities, iritis

Clinical symptoms/Pathology of Onchocerca volvulus mf → inner eye: Leads to _______: ≥ 10% of cases

blindness

Clinical symptoms/Pathology of Onchocerca volvulus  Severe complications: due to long lifespan of worms ______ and _______

elephantiasis & dwarfism

Clinical symptoms/Pathology of Onchocerca volvulus Which is more The microfilaria or the adult worms?

microfilaria

In the pathology of onchocerca volvulus Eye damage may occur before appearance of nodules T/F

Diagnosis of Onchocerciasis  Microscopy of: ≥___________snip or surgically removed __________ __________ examination

1 bloodless skin skin nodules Slit-lamp eye

The following are flukes: 91. Schistosoma spp. 92. Fasciola spp. 91. Hookworms 92. Paragonimus spp. 93. Ascaris spp.

T T F T F

The following are generally TRUE of helminths and/or the infections/diseases they cause in man: 111.There are more acute diseases than are subclinical infections 112.Most helminths are diorso-ventrally flattened 113.The nature and severity of pathology is related to the worm burden

F T T

The following are generally TRUE of helminths and/or the infections/diseases they cause in man: 114.Most helminths multiply in man 115. All are endoparasitic

F T

Human-parasitic nematodes include the following: 156.Strongyloides stercoralis 157.Necator duodenale 158. Trichuris vulpis 159. Enterobius vermicularis 160.Onchocerca volvulus

T F F T T

The following are features of cestode parasites of man: 161. Proglottids 162. Halteres 163. Teeth 164. Strobila 165. Caudal bursa

T F F T F

Helminths of medical importance: a.Are all classified under four major taxonomic phyla b.Nearly all are classified under three taxonomic phyla c.Are always classified under five major taxonomic phyla d.Are all classified under two major taxonomic phyla e. Can be classified into three taxonomic phyla

Organs of attachment in human-parasitic helminths: a. Trematodes have only one functional sucker b. Hooks and suckers can be found in Taenia species c.The rostellum is found on the scolex in parasitic trematodes d.The buccal cavity of blood-sucking nematodes may be armed with acetabulate suckers e.Hooks and suckers may be found in parasitic nematodes

Helminth morphology: a. Some nematodes are leaf-shaped b. A few cestodes are leaf-shaped c.All platyhelminthes are hermaphroditic except the schistosomes d. A limited number of nematodes are cylindrical e.All platyhelminthes are dorso-ventrally flattened except the flukes

Human-infective stage(s): a. The human-infective stage in nematodes is nearly always the L2 larva b. The L3 larva is the human-infective stage in platyhelminths c. Cysticercus may be the human-infective stage in nematodes d. Metacercariae is nearly always the human-infective stage in cestodes e. Cercaria is always the human-infective stage in schistosomes

Growth to adulthood in nematodes: a. Requires one moult b. Requires two moults c. Requires three moults d. Requires four moults e. Requires five moults

Helminthic infections of man: . a. Cannot be transmitted by intermediate hosts b. Are sometimes transmitted by intermediate hosts c. Are mostly transmitted by intermediate hosts d. Are always transmitted by intermediate hosts e. Are all transmitted by intermediate hosts

In helminthic infections of man: a. Humans are always the definitive hosts b. Humans are sometimes the definitive hosts c. Humans are mostly the definitive hosts d. Humans are frequently the intermediate hosts e. Humans are the only definitive hosts

Female Filarial worms shed micro Filarial diurnally into blood T/F

F Nocturnally

Presence of peripheral microfilaremia in TPES T/F

F Absence

Filarial Worms Flashcards

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