Plague

Question 1

Plague is caused by the bacteria ___________, a ______ bacteria usually found in _______ and _______

Answer 1

Yersinia pestis

zoonotic

small mammals and their fleas.

Question 2

People infected with Y. pestis often develop symptoms after an incubation period of __________ days.
dagascar, and Peru.

Answer 2

one to seven

Question 3

Plague

There are two main clinical forms of plague infection: ______ and _______

Answer 3

bubonic and pneumonic

Question 4

_______ plague is the most common form and is characterized by _____________ or ____________

Answer 4

Bubonic

painful swollen lymph nodes or ‘buboes’.

Question 5

Plague is transmitted between animals and humans by _______________, direct contact with _______, and ___________

Answer 5

the bite of infected fleas

infected tissues

inhalation of infected respiratory droplets.

Question 6

Plague can be a very severe disease in people, with a case-fatality ratio of ___% to ____% for the _______ type, and is always fatal for the ______ kind when left untreated.

Answer 6

30

60

bubonic

pneumonic

Question 7

Antibiotic treatment is effective against plague bacteria

T/F

Answer 7

T

so early diagnosis and early treatment can save lives.

Question 8

Currently, the three most endemic countries are the ______________,________, and __________

Answer 8

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, and Peru.

Question 9

plague was responsible for widespread pandemics with high mortality. It was known as the “________” during the ________ century, causing more than __________ deaths in Europe.

Answer 9

Black Death

fourteenth

50 million

Question 10

Nowadays, plague is easily treated with _______ and the use of standard precautions to prevent acquiring infection.

Answer 10

antibiotics

Question 11

The outbreaks

Plague epidemics have occurred in \——-,———-, and _____

but since the 1990s, most human cases have occurred in ______.

Answer 11

Africa, Asia, and South America

Africa

Question 12

The outbreaks
Plague

In ________ cases of bubonic plague are reported nearly every year, during the epidemic season (between ______ and _______).

Answer 12

Madagascar

September and April

Question 13

Symptoms of the black plague

_________ lymph nodes

____________ on the skin

(Low or High?) fever

Vomiting

Painful ________

Answer 13

Swollen

Large dark splotches

High

headaches

Question 14

The black plague

Bubonic:

Entry: _________

Spread: _______ and _____

Disease: ———-,———,———

Exit: (mildly or highly ?) contagious

Answer 14

bite of infected rat flea

lymphatic and systematic

buboes, pneumonia, internal organ hemorrhage

Highly

Question 15

The black plague

Pneumonic:

Entry: __________

Disease: ______, usually ____% mortality

Exit: (mildly or highly?) contagious

Answer 15

By Inhalation

pneumonia

100

highly

Question 16

Plague Arrives in Europe
Mutated version of plague could be spread through the _____

– Much deadlier and could kill within _____

Doctors could not treat the disease
– Tried ______ and _________
– Some people turned to ______ and ______

Answer 16

air

a day

bloodletting and folk medicine

magic and witchcraft

Question 17

Impact of the Bubonic Plague

Huge Population losses
–__________ Europeans killed
–___________ Chinese killed

Answer 17

25 million

35 Million

Question 18

Types of Plague

______ Plague

______ Plague

______ Plague

Answer 18

Bubonic

Pneumonic

Septicemic

Question 19

Types of Plague

Bubonic Plague

Most _______

Infection of the __________

attacks _______ system

Answer 19

common

lymph system

immune

Question 20

Types of Plague

Pneumonic Plague

Most ________ type of plague

Infection of the _____ leading to pneumonia(______ and ______)

Answer 20

serious

lungs

Primary and Secondary

Question 21

Types of Plague

Septicemic Plague

Bacteria reproduces in the _____

Can be contracted like _____ plague but is most often seen as a _______________________________

Answer 21

blood

bubonic

complication of untreated bubonic or pneumonic plague

Question 22

Yersinia pestis

Yersinia originally classified in ___________
family

Based on DNA similarities with _____, Y. pestis is now part of ________ family

Answer 22

Pasteurellaceae

E. coli

Enterobacteriaceae

Question 23

Yersinia

11 named species in genus  3 are human pathogens

– Y. _________

Y.____________

Y. ___________

Answer 23

pestis

pseudotuberculosis

enterocolitica

Question 24

Yersinia

__________________ species rarely infect
humans

Answer 24

Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis

Question 25

__________ specie of yersnia is the cause of 1 – 3% of diarrhea cases caused by bacteria

Answer 25

Y. enterocolitica

Question 26

Yersinia pestis Gram positive or negative motile or non- motile (Spore or non-spore?) - forming (bacillus or coccus?)

Answer 26

negative non- motile non-spore bacillus

Question 27

Yersinia pestis Resistant to _____ temperature and _____, killed by ——— and _____

Answer 27

freezing; drying heat and sunlight

Question 28

Yersinia pestis Is an obligate aerobe T/F

Answer 28

F Can grow with or without oxygen

Question 29

Yersinia pestis Most commonly found in ____ but also found in: – Mice, squirrels, fleas, cats, dogs, lice, prairie dogs, wood rats, chipmunks

Answer 29

rats

Question 30

Bubonic plague Most ———- form – ~____% of cases Incubation is _____ days Mortality (untreated):______%

Answer 30

common 80 2 to 6 50-60

Question 31

Diagnosis and Treatment – If plague is suspected, ______ is completed to determine how far the plague has progressed and to determine antibiotic resistances.

Answer 31

blood work

Question 32

Diagnosis and Treatment Since no major antibiotic resistances have developed, plague is usually treated with ________. Other antibiotics that can be used are: ________,_________, and Other ________

Answer 32

Streptomycin tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones and other aminoglycosides.

Question 33

Plague Antibiotics are administered to the patient as well as to those _______________

Answer 33

who are believed to have been exposed.

Question 34

Pneumonic plague • Pneumonic is the (most or least?) common but (most or least?) fatal form of plague. Primary pneumonic plague occurs when Y. pestis is _______ and bacteria gain direct access to the _____.

Answer 34

Least Most inhaled; lungs

Question 35

Pneumonic plague • Primary pneumonic plague has a very rapid incubation period of _____ days.

Answer 35

1 to 6

Question 36

Pneumonic plague If septicemic plague is left untreated, it may progress to ________ plague. Symptoms include fever, chills, headache, septicemia, respiratory distress and hemoptysis.

Answer 36

secondary pneumonic

Question 37

• Pneumonic plague is the only form of plague that can be _______________, but usually requires ________________

Answer 37

transmitted person-to-person direct or close contact with the ill person or animal.

Question 38

Pneumonic plague • Treatment for this form must be received within ______ after the onset of symptoms, otherwise, survival is unlikely.

Answer 38

24 hours

Question 39

Pneumonic plague •___________ and the ___________ make plague a potential bioweapon.

Answer 39

Person-to-person transmission rapid course of illness

Question 40

Testing for Yersinia There is a laboratory validated rapid ____ test now widely used in ________ and __________, with the support of WHO.

Answer 40

dipstick Africa and South America

Question 41

Treatment of plague requires prompt antibiotic treatment and supportive therapy. T/F

Question 42

Without treatment most forms of plague are not fatal. T/F

Answer 42

F Fatal

Question 43

Treatment of plague ______,______,________, or ______

Answer 43

streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, or ciprofloxacin

Question 44

Penicillins and cephalosporins are effective in treating plague. T/F

Answer 44

F Penicillins and cephalosporins are not effective in treating plague.

Question 45

Prophylactic antibiotics should be administered to persons who have had close exposure (i.e., within _____ feet [____ meters ]) to persons suspected of having ________ plague.

Answer 45

6.5 feet 2 meters pneumonic