final

Question 1

define embryo

Answer 1

similar between species; can’t distinguish species

Question 2

define fetus

Answer 2

can determine species

Question 3

how can age be estimated

Answer 3

crown-rump length
length of femur/radius/tibia
circumference of head

Question 4

what make us the factors of fetal growth

Answer 4

genetics
environment
fetal hormones

Question 5

what makes up genetics

Answer 5

species
breed
litter size (increased offspring=slower growth rate)
genotype (certain lines of animals grow faster)

Question 6

what makes up the environment

Answer 6

from the mother:
nutrition
parity (number of previous pregnancies)
from placenta:
blood flow
size

Question 7

what makes up fetal hormones

Answer 7

thyroid- skeletal and muscular development
insulin- increased energy substrate availability and stimulates placental growth
growth hormone- stimulates fetal growth

Question 8

where does P4 come from

Answer 8

the CL and the placenta

Question 9

what type of P4 do sows use

Answer 9

P4 from the placenta

Question 10

what other species don’t have P4 from the placenta

Answer 10

bitch
queen
alpaca
rabbit
goat

Question 11

what causes an increase in prenatal loss

Answer 11

nutritional stress
disease of reproductive tract
endocrine imbalance
aging of gametes prior to fertilization
adrenal changes with age

Question 12

what is the orientation of the fetus

Answer 12

begins on back and reorients so front feet and head will exit first

Question 13

define breech

Answer 13

rump exits first

Question 14

describe stage one of labor

Answer 14

initial myometrium contraction
progesterone block is removed to increase E2 and PGF2a
pressure applied to cervix

Question 15

describe stage two of labor

Answer 15

delivery of fetus
mediated by oxytocin release
relaxin from CL/placenta softens cervix
E2 increases mucous in cervix

Question 16

describe stage three of labor

Answer 16

delivery of fetal membrane
vasoconstriction of chorionic villi allow for separation
continues myometrial contractions
time differs between species

Question 17

define dystocia. what can cause it

Answer 17

difficult birth
excessive fetal size
abnormal presentations
twins
fescue toxicosis

Question 18

what are perinatal fetal changes

Answer 18

cardiovascular
thermoregulatory
energy metabolism
immune response

Question 19

describe the cardiovascular perinatal change

Answer 19

ductus arteriosis, foramen ovale, and ductus venosus all close

Question 20

define ductus arteriosis

Answer 20

blood from dam goes straight into the fetus’ heart

Question 21

define foramen ovale

Answer 21

connects left and right ventricles of fetus

Question 22

define ductus venosus

Answer 22

brings blood directly to fetus’ liver

Question 23

describe the thermoregulatory perinatal change

Answer 23

regulates body temp
increase metabolism
brown fat

Question 24

describe the energy metabolism perinatal change

Answer 24

until suckling, relies on its own storage of glycogen

Question 25

describe the immune response perinatal change

Answer 25

no protective antibodies
passive immunity from mother
gut permeable antibodies in colostrum

Question 26

define involution

Answer 26

uterus shrinks

Question 27

how much does pregnany rate increase after the first birth?
2nd?
3rd?
4th?

Answer 27

35%
50%
73%
74%

Question 28

define amenorhea

Answer 28

absence of menstruation

Question 29

describe mare’s special postpartum estrus

Answer 29

foal heat (6-13 days post-partum)
fertility depends on body condition

Question 30

describe sow’s special postpartum estrus

Answer 30

anovulatory estrus (3-5 days post-farrowing)
weaning induces estrus 3-5 days later

Question 31

what does the Y chromosome contain

Answer 31

SRY gene which causes male reproductive tract to develop

Question 32

define anti-mullerian hormone

Answer 32

from the sertoli cells and causes degeneration of the paramesoneptiric ducts

Question 33

what do the testis attach to before descending

Answer 33

the gubernaculum

Question 34

what surrounds the testis

Answer 34

visceral vaginal tunica and parietal vaginal tunica

Question 35

where do the testis pass through

Answer 35

inguinal ring

Question 36

define cryptorchidism

Answer 36

undescended testicles
can be unilateral or bilateral
produce testosterone, but infertile
heritable

Question 37

define freeman

Answer 37

female born twin to a bull
placental membranes fuse, meaning hormones are shared

Question 38

what hormone do the freemans share

Answer 38

milieu

Question 39

what does milieu do

Answer 39

testosterone increased in females
anti-mullenan hormone
chimeric (both contain SRY)
female repro tract does not develop
infertile female