quiz 10

Question 1

what does reproductive behavior cause

Answer 1

a strong drive and precedence

Question 2

what is the purpose of reproductive behavior

Answer 2

promote copulation
assure sperm and oocyte meet
primates socially bond

Question 3

what is the goal of reproduction

Answer 3

achieve pregnancy and parturition

Question 4

define precopulatory

Answer 4

before mating

Question 5

what does precopulatory in females look like

Answer 5

limited to estrus
increased physical activity
increased estrogen

Question 6

when does precopulatory occur in males

Answer 6

anytime

Question 7

what does precopulatory involve

Answer 7

sight
smell
hearing
tactile

Question 8

describe what events occur in courtship

Answer 8

sniffing the vulva to determine if pheromones are pregnant
urination by female to release pheromones
flehmen lip curl
chin resting on female rump
increased vocalization
male checks for lordosis (breeding stance, bating shoulder, nuzzling flank)
winking the vulva

Question 9

define standing heat

Answer 9

responsive to male mounting

Question 10

what does sexual arousal look like in females

Answer 10

lordosis
presents hind quarters to male
vaginal secretion

Question 11

what does sexual arousal look like in males

Answer 11

erection
penile protrusion

Question 12

what does copulatory behavior look like in a male

Answer 12

mounting
intromission (penis enters vagina)
ejaculation

Question 13

what are the three types of copulators

Answer 13

short: 1-3 seconds; bull, ram
sustained: 5-20 minutes; boar
intermediate: 20-60 seconds; stallion

Question 14

what are the postcopulatory behavior of males

Answer 14

dismounting
refractory period

Question 15

what is the refractory period

Answer 15

time when copulation will not occur
needs rest prior
depends on age and female being bred

Question 16

describe memory

Answer 16

a bad experience will carry over

Question 17

when will females mate again

Answer 17

almost immediately

Question 18

define feminization

Answer 18

no steroid exposure

Question 19

define masculinisation

Answer 19

occurs when exposed to E2 or testosterone

Question 20

female no steroids=

Answer 20

no estrus behavior

Question 21

female plus E2=

Answer 21

estrus behavior

Question 22

female plus P4 and E2

Answer 22

maximum estrus behavior

Question 23

female plus testosterone

Answer 23

male-like behavior

Question 24

castrated male:
no steroids
plus testosterone
plus dihydrotestosterone
plus estradiol

Answer 24

decreased sexual behavior
sex behavior restored
decreased sex behavior
sex behavior restored

Question 25

what can testosterone be converted into

Answer 25

estradiol dihydrotestosterone

Question 26

what does sexual behavior depend on for BOTH male and females

Answer 26

estradiol receptors in the brain

Question 27

what are sensory inputs

Answer 27

olfaction auditory visual tactile

Question 28

describe olfaction sensory

Answer 28

use of pheromones volatile substance that elicits specific behavior

Question 29

what males produce pheromones? females?

Answer 29

boars, humans cows

Question 30

describe the flehmen response

Answer 30

vomeronasal organ captures sents picked up in the mouth interpreted by the brain

Question 31

describe auditory sensory

Answer 31

long-range signaling cows bellow, sows grunt

Question 32

describe visual sensory

Answer 32

close encounters posturing, males observe others mounting

Question 33

describe tactile

Answer 33

final stimulation before ejaculation biting on mare's neck resting chin on cow nudging sows flank leads to erection

Question 34

describe erection

Answer 34

vasodilation inhibits vasoconstriction relax retractor penis muscle

Question 35

state the 5 steps of emission

Answer 35

1. sensory stimulation 2. stimulates nerves in the supraoptic and periventricular nucleus 3. oxytocin from posterior pituitary 4. smooth muscle contracts in distal tail of epididymis and ductus deferens 5. transports sperm to ejaculatory position

Question 36

what are the four steps of ejaculation

Answer 36

1. intromission 2. sensory stimulation of glans penis (temp and pressure must be to male's standard) 3. contractions of urethralis and striated muscle (bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus) 4. expulsion of semen

Question 37

what are the hormones during prepartum

Answer 37

high E2, low P4 prolactin- can cross blood-brain barrier

Question 38

what are the hormones during postpartum

Answer 38

prolactin- mostly lactation, promotes paternal/alloparental care oxytocin- used for social bonding

Question 39

when should insemination be complete

Answer 39

about six hours before ovulation

Question 40

define capacitation

Answer 40

the ability to acrosome react

Question 41

is all sperm capacitation at once

Answer 41

no, it takes several hours

Question 42

can capacitation be reversed

Answer 42

in mammals

Question 43

define hyperaction

Answer 43

spermatozoa moves rapidly in circles to increase chances of finding the egg

Question 44

define ZP 1 and 2

Answer 44

structural proteins from the zona integrity

Question 45

define ZP 3

Answer 45

receptor protein that binds to proteins on the spermatozoal membrane

Question 46

describe sperm binding

Answer 46

the plasma membrane of sperm binds with the outer acrosomal membrane

Question 47

define acrosin

Answer 47

hydrolyzes ZP in a localized area

Question 48

define pervitelline space

Answer 48

the area between the zona and the oolema

Question 49

define oolyma

Answer 49

cell membrane of oocyte

Question 50

describe the steps of sperm oocyte fusion

Answer 50

microvilli join at the equatorial segment oolyma wraps around the sperm membrane corical granules stop multiple sperm from reaching oocyte causes Ca2+ to be released and start the Ca2+ second messenger granulosa cells line the membrane to stop excess sperm from entering

Question 51

what are the 5 steps of fertilizing sperm

Answer 51

sperm-egg recognition acrosome exocytosis zona penetration sperm fusion block polyspermy (fusion, binding, and penetration)

Question 52

what is the oocyte lifespan

Answer 52

6-12 hours after ovulation

Question 53

what is the lifespan of sperm

Answer 53

24-48 hours

Question 54

define syngamy

Answer 54

fusion of male and female pronuclei

Question 55

define zygote

Answer 55

fusion of nuclear material but no division

Question 56

define embryo

Answer 56

cell divisions have began

Question 57

define fetus

Answer 57

offspring within uterus

Question 58

define conceptus

Answer 58

everything, including embryo, membrane, fetus, and placenta

Question 59

define blastomere

Answer 59

early embryo cells

Question 60

define totipotent

Answer 60

each cell can develop into identical organisms

Question 61

define morula

Answer 61

each cell can no longer be individually defined

Question 62

what junctions do the outer cells have? the inner cells?

Answer 62

tight gap

Question 63

what do outer cells have? what do they allow for

Answer 63

sodium pumps which allow H2O to enter as well

Question 64

define blastocyst

Answer 64

occur when fluid fills the cavity

Question 65

define blastocoele

Answer 65

the fluid-filled cavity

Question 66

what are the two portions of the blastocyst? what do they do

Answer 66

inner cell mass- give rise to embryo trophoblast- give rise to chorion which allows placenta to form

Question 67

what side does the embryo develop on?

Answer 67

the same side as the CL