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ANS 327 Reproduction > quiz 10 > Flashcards

quiz 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what does reproductive behavior cause

A

a strong drive and precedence

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2
Q

what is the purpose of reproductive behavior

A

promote copulation
assure sperm and oocyte meet
primates socially bond

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3
Q

what is the goal of reproduction

A

achieve pregnancy and parturition

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4
Q

define precopulatory

A

before mating

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5
Q

what does precopulatory in females look like

A

limited to estrus
increased physical activity
increased estrogen

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6
Q

when does precopulatory occur in males

A

anytime

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7
Q

what does precopulatory involve

A

sight
smell
hearing
tactile

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8
Q

describe what events occur in courtship

A

sniffing the vulva to determine if pheromones are pregnant
urination by female to release pheromones
flehmen lip curl
chin resting on female rump
increased vocalization
male checks for lordosis (breeding stance, bating shoulder, nuzzling flank)
winking the vulva

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9
Q

define standing heat

A

responsive to male mounting

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10
Q

what does sexual arousal look like in females

A

lordosis
presents hind quarters to male
vaginal secretion

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11
Q

what does sexual arousal look like in males

A

erection
penile protrusion

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12
Q

what does copulatory behavior look like in a male

A

mounting
intromission (penis enters vagina)
ejaculation

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13
Q

what are the three types of copulators

A

short: 1-3 seconds; bull, ram
sustained: 5-20 minutes; boar
intermediate: 20-60 seconds; stallion

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14
Q

what are the postcopulatory behavior of males

A

dismounting
refractory period

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15
Q

what is the refractory period

A

time when copulation will not occur
needs rest prior
depends on age and female being bred

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16
Q

describe memory

A

a bad experience will carry over

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17
Q

when will females mate again

A

almost immediately

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18
Q

define feminization

A

no steroid exposure

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19
Q

define masculinisation

A

occurs when exposed to E2 or testosterone

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20
Q

female no steroids=

A

no estrus behavior

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21
Q

female plus E2=

A

estrus behavior

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22
Q

female plus P4 and E2

A

maximum estrus behavior

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23
Q

female plus testosterone

A

male-like behavior

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24
Q

castrated male:
no steroids
plus testosterone
plus dihydrotestosterone
plus estradiol

A

decreased sexual behavior
sex behavior restored
decreased sex behavior
sex behavior restored

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25
Q

what can testosterone be converted into

A

estradiol
dihydrotestosterone

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26
Q

what does sexual behavior depend on for BOTH male and females

A

estradiol receptors in the brain

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27
Q

what are sensory inputs

A

olfaction
auditory
visual
tactile

28
Q

describe olfaction sensory

A

use of pheromones
volatile substance that elicits specific behavior

29
Q

what males produce pheromones? females?

A

boars, humans
cows

30
Q

describe the flehmen response

A

vomeronasal organ captures sents
picked up in the mouth
interpreted by the brain

31
Q

describe auditory sensory

A

long-range signaling
cows bellow, sows grunt

32
Q

describe visual sensory

A

close encounters
posturing, males observe others mounting

33
Q

describe tactile

A

final stimulation before ejaculation
biting on mare’s neck
resting chin on cow
nudging sows flank
leads to erection

34
Q

describe erection

A

vasodilation
inhibits vasoconstriction
relax retractor penis muscle

35
Q

state the 5 steps of emission

A
  1. sensory stimulation
  2. stimulates nerves in the supraoptic and periventricular nucleus
  3. oxytocin from posterior pituitary
  4. smooth muscle contracts in distal tail of epididymis and ductus deferens
  5. transports sperm to ejaculatory position
36
Q

what are the four steps of ejaculation

A
  1. intromission
  2. sensory stimulation of glans penis (temp and pressure must be to male’s standard)
  3. contractions of urethralis and striated muscle (bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus)
  4. expulsion of semen
37
Q

what are the hormones during prepartum

A

high E2, low P4
prolactin- can cross blood-brain barrier

38
Q

what are the hormones during postpartum

A

prolactin- mostly lactation, promotes paternal/alloparental care
oxytocin- used for social bonding

39
Q

when should insemination be complete

A

about six hours before ovulation

40
Q

define capacitation

A

the ability to acrosome react

41
Q

is all sperm capacitation at once

A

no, it takes several hours

42
Q

can capacitation be reversed

A

in mammals

43
Q

define hyperaction

A

spermatozoa moves rapidly in circles to increase chances of finding the egg

44
Q

define ZP 1 and 2

A

structural proteins from the zona integrity

45
Q

define ZP 3

A

receptor protein that binds to proteins on the spermatozoal membrane

46
Q

describe sperm binding

A

the plasma membrane of sperm binds with the outer acrosomal membrane

47
Q

define acrosin

A

hydrolyzes ZP in a localized area

48
Q

define pervitelline space

A

the area between the zona and the oolema

49
Q

define oolyma

A

cell membrane of oocyte

50
Q

describe the steps of sperm oocyte fusion

A

microvilli join at the equatorial segment
oolyma wraps around the sperm membrane
corical granules stop multiple sperm from reaching oocyte
causes Ca2+ to be released and start the Ca2+ second messenger
granulosa cells line the membrane to stop excess sperm from entering

51
Q

what are the 5 steps of fertilizing sperm

A

sperm-egg recognition
acrosome exocytosis
zona penetration
sperm fusion
block polyspermy (fusion, binding, and penetration)

52
Q

what is the oocyte lifespan

A

6-12 hours after ovulation

53
Q

what is the lifespan of sperm

A

24-48 hours

54
Q

define syngamy

A

fusion of male and female pronuclei

55
Q

define zygote

A

fusion of nuclear material but no division

56
Q

define embryo

A

cell divisions have began

57
Q

define fetus

A

offspring within uterus

58
Q

define conceptus

A

everything, including embryo, membrane, fetus, and placenta

59
Q

define blastomere

A

early embryo cells

60
Q

define totipotent

A

each cell can develop into identical organisms

61
Q

define morula

A

each cell can no longer be individually defined

62
Q

what junctions do the outer cells have? the inner cells?

A

tight
gap

63
Q

what do outer cells have? what do they allow for

A

sodium pumps which allow H2O to enter as well

64
Q

define blastocyst

A

occur when fluid fills the cavity

65
Q

define blastocoele

A

the fluid-filled cavity

66
Q

what are the two portions of the blastocyst? what do they do

A

inner cell mass- give rise to embryo
trophoblast- give rise to chorion which allows placenta to form

67
Q

what side does the embryo develop on?

A

the same side as the CL

ANS 327 Reproduction (13 decks)

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