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ANS 327 Reproduction > quiz 4 > Flashcards

quiz 4 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

define nervous system

A

translate external stimulus into neural signals that act on reproductive tissues

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2
Q

define endocrine system

A

relies on hormones

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3
Q

describe the portions of the endocrine system

A

hormonal, large
targets distant locations
acts as a catalyst
circulatory transport
slow transport
long duration
stimulates other hormones, nerves, or tissue
binds with receptors to activate response

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4
Q

describe the portions of the neural system

A

neurotransmitter, small
nerve/effector site
short distance
fast moving
short duration
stimulates other nerves
travels nerve to nerve or nerve to organ

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5
Q

define simple neural pathways

A

secretes neurotransmitter to target tissue

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6
Q

define neuroendocrine reflex

A

secretion of neurohormones into blood to remote target tissue

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7
Q

define neurotransmitter

A

substance releases at synapses for neuronal propagation of the electrical impulse
produced by neurons

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8
Q

define neurohormone

A

substance released by neurons directly into the blood

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of stimuli

A

thermal
tactile
visual

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10
Q

what sends signals to the spinal cord

A

afferent neurons

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11
Q

what sends signals to the target tissue

A

efferent neurons

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12
Q

what does the hypothalamus aid in

A

homeostasis

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13
Q

define the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
what does it do for the female
male
both

A

attacks all parts of the body
estrous cycle, parturition, location
testosterone, sperm production
sexual behavior

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14
Q

define center

A

collection of neurons doing the same job

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15
Q

define surge center

A

specific hypothalamic nuclei in females that responds to high estradiol

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16
Q

define tonic center

A

controls release of GnRH
slow, regular release

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17
Q

define paraventricular nucleus

A

discrete bond of nerve cells that innervate those posterior pituitary

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18
Q

what is the master gland

A

anterior pituitary

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19
Q

what does the releases of GnRH stimulate

A

FSH and LH

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20
Q

how do hypothalamic hormones reach the pituitary

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

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21
Q

why doesn’t GnRH not stay in the body long

A

it is small and broken down easily

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22
Q

describe the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

A

no portal system
neurons from certain hypothalamic nuclei extend directly into the posterior lobe
neurohormones produced in the PVN are transported down axons to the terminal released into the blood

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23
Q

define positive feedback loop

A

hormone brings about a biological response that increases the release of the hormones

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24
Q

define negative feedback loop

Study These Flashcards
A

rising levels of the hormones bring about the biological response that stops the release of hormones

25
what is produced the the negative feedback loop
gonadal steroids: testosterone, progesterone, estradiol protein hormone: inhibin
26
what is produced in the positive feedback
estradiol oxytocin during parturition
27
define endocrine system
relies on hormones to cause a response
28
what are the influential factors of the endocrine system
presence of receptors on a hormonal cell half life of the hormone in circulation
29
what are the four facts of reproductive hormones
exert biological response at the nanogram level in blood short half life exert cell response by binding to specific receptors in cells stimulates phenotypic response in cell through biochemical, metabolic, or genomic response
30
what are the 3 classifications
1. the source- where it comes from 2. biochemical classification 3. mode of action- what target tissue/communication
31
what are the 4 biochemical classifications
peptide- small molecules of animo acids glycoprotein- carbohydrate attachment steroid- fat soluble prostaglandin- fatty acid
32
what does 5a-reductase do
converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
33
what are the functions of steroids
cellular effects, feedback, behavior, secondary sex characteristics, ossification and pregnancy
34
what are the functions of prostaglandins
luteolysis, ovulation, inflammation, and blood pressure
35
defne phosphorylation
Addison of a phosphate to a protein/small molecule
36
define phosphatase
removes a phosphate from a protein
37
what are protein hormones
LH G-Cell (membrane bound protein) adenylate cyclase protein kinase A regulatory subunit catalytic subunit
38
define cAMP
cyclic acetyline monophosphate
39
what are the 4 steps of cAMP
1. hormone receptor binds on cell membrane 2. g-protein transforms and AC activates; converts ATP to cAMP 3. cAMP activates PKA; activated enzymes convert substrates into products 4. PKA phosphorylates proteins that induce cellular change
40
what are examples of cAMP
LH FSH prolactin eCG hCG
41
what are the calcium second messengers
GnRH g-protein phospholipase C phosphoinositiol phosphate (PIP2) PKC
42
what are the 6 steps of the calcium second messenger
1. GnRH binds to receptor 2. GP, PIC, and PIP2 associate 3. PLC creates DAG and IP3 4. IP3 binds to receptors to release calcium 5. Ca2+ activates PKA and opens Ca2+ channel 6. high Ca2+ activates secretory granules to fuse with the cell membrane to release product
43
describe steroid hormone receptors
fat soluble, so diffuse directly through the membrane into the cytoplasm travel though blood by binding to water soluble proteins transcription convert DNA to RNA and RNA to mRNA
44
what are the 4 steps of the steroid hormone receptor
1. steroids are transported into blood by carrier protiens 2. diffuse through cell membrane of target cell and then through the nuclear membrane 3. steroids bind to receptors in nucleus and initiates mRNA synthesis 4. newly synthesized mRNA go to the ribosome for protein production
45
describe GnRH classification source target action
peptide hypothalamus- tonic and surge centers anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH
46
describe relaxin classification source target action
polypeptide placenta, corpus leteum; prostate cervix, pelvic ligament; spermatozoa soften ligaments, widen birth canal; enhance sperm motility
47
describe oxytocin classification source target action
peptide produced by neurons in hypothalamus; stored/released by hypothalamus; synthesized by corpus luteum uterus, mammary gland; epididymis tail, ductus deferens uterine motility, milk letdown, uterine PGF2a synthesis; emission, PGF2a synthesis
48
describe prolactin classification source target action
protein anterior pituitary mammary gland, corpus luteum; testes growth during pregnancy, milk production; testosterone, spermatogenesis; parental bonding
49
describe luteinizing hormone classification source target action
glycoprotein anterior pituitary theca, granulosa, and luteal cells; leydig cells testosterone secretion, induces ovulation, supports corpus luteum; testosterone production
50
describe FSH classification source target action
glycoprotein anterior pituitary granulosa cell; Sertoli cell follicular development, estradiol synthesis; support Sertoli cells and spermatogenesis
51
describe inhibin classification source target action
glycoprotein granulosa cells; Sertoli cells anterior pituitary inhibits FSH secretion
52
describe activin classification source target action
glycoprotein anterior pituitary, gonads, and placenta follicle; testis increases FSH binding, estradiol production; enhance spermatogenesis, testosterone produciton
53
describe equine chorionic gondotropin classification source target action
glycoprotein endometrial cups ovary induces accessory CL formation to support pregnancy; LH-like activity in mares; other species have FSH-like activity
54
describe human chorionic gonadotropin classification source target action
glycoprotien embryo and placenta CL prevents luteolysis, can induce ovulation in mares
55
describe estrogen classification source target action
steroids granulosa cells, placenta; Sertoli cells hypothalamus, entire tract; hypothalamus sexual behavoir, GnRH regulation, secretion, contractions; sexual behavior, negative feedback
56
describe progesterone classification source target action
steroid CL, placenta uterus, mammary gland, hypothalamus secretion, myometrial contractions, increased mammary tissue, inhibit GnRH secretion and reproductive behavior
57
describe testosterone classification source target action
steroid theca interna; leydig cells granulosa cells are substrate for estradiol; accessory sex glands for secretion, seminiferous tubule promotes spermatogenesis
58
define prostaglandin F2a classification source target action
fatty acid uterine endometrium; prostate or vesicular gland corpus leuteum myometrium, follicles; epididymis luteolysis, uterine tone, ovulation; induces contractions

ANS 327 Reproduction (13 decks)

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