Final Flashcards
Lecture (249 cards)
1
Q
Respiratory System Functions
A
gas exchange
cas conditioning
protection
vocalization
regulate blood pH
2
Q
Gas Conditioning
A
warms, moistens, and filters air
3
Q
2 structural divisions of respiratory system
A
upper respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract
4
Q
2 functional divisions of the respiratory system
A
conducting zone
respiratory zone
5
Q
function of conducting zone
A
conducts/conditions air
6
Q
function of respiratory zone
A
gas exchange
7
Q
what 3 structures make up the upper respiratory tract
A
paranasal sinuses
nasal cavity
pharynx
8
Q
Paranasal sinuses SD
A
Upper
9
Q
Paranasal sinuses FD
A
conducting
10
Q
Nasal Cavity SD
A
Upper
11
Q
nasal cavity FD
A
conducting
12
Q
nasal cavity lining
A
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
13
Q
nasal cavity lining mods
A
goblet cells
cilia
14
Q
goblet cell function
A
secrete mucus
15
Q
cilia function
A
move mucus/trapped particles
16
Q
borders of nasal cavity
A
superior border
inferior border
anterior border
posterior border
lateral border
medial border
17
Q
superior border of nasal cavity structures
A
olfactory epithelium
18
Q
inferior border of nasal cavity structures
A
hard palate
19
Q
anterior border of nasal cavity structures
A
nostrils
nasal vestibules
20
Q
nasal vestibules lined by ___
A
hairs
21
Q
posterior border structures
A
choana
22
Q
lateral border structures
A
conchae
meati
23
Q
where do meati exist in the nasal cavity
A
in between each concha
24
Q
medial border structures
A
nasal septum
25
pharynx SD
Upper
26
pharynx FD
conducting
27
the pharynx is the common passageway between ____ and ____
nasal cavity
oral cavity
28
3 parts of pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
29
nasopharynx goes from ____ to ____
pharyngeal tonsils
soft palate
30
nasopharynx is lined by
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
31
oropharynx goes from ____ to ____
soft palate
epiglottis
32
oropharynx is lined by
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
33
laryngopharynx goes from ____ to ____
epiglottis
cricoid cartilage
34
laryngopharynx is lined by
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
35
lower respiratory tract structures
larynx
trachea
bronchial tree
terminal bronchioles
alveoli
36
larynx SD
lower
37
larynx FD
conducting
38
what does the larynx produce
sound
39
larynx connecte ____ to ____
pharynx
trachea
40
larynx contains
cartilages
ligaments
muscles
41
superior part of the larynx is lined by
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
42
inferior part of the larynx is lined by
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
43
3 major cartilages in larynx
thyroid cart.
cricoid cart.
epiglottis
44
thyroid cartilage is composed of
hyaline cart.
45
what is the most anterior part of the thyroid cartilage called
laryngeal prominence
46
thyrohyoid membrane connects ____ to ____
thyroid cart.
hyoid
47
cricoid cartilage is composed of
hyaline cart.
48
cricoid cart is (inferior/superior) to thyroid cart.
inferior
49
cricothyroid ligament connects ____ to ____
cricoid cart.
thyroid cart.
50
epiglottis composed of
elastic cart.
51
epiglottis purpose
prevents choking
52
3 minor cartilages of larynx
arytenoid cart.
corniculate cart.
cuneiform cart.
53
arytenoid cart.
triangular structures superior to cricoid cart.
54
corniculate cart.
horn-shaped structures on apex of each arytenoid cart.
55
cuneiform cart.
club-shaped structures anterior to corniculate cart.
56
structures of voice production
vestibular folds
vocal folds
57
vestibular folds are (superior/inferior) to vocal folds
superior
58
another name for vestibular folds
false vocal cords(don't produce sound)
59
another name for vocal folds
true vocal cords(produce sound)
60
vocal ligaments are (superficial/deep) to vocal folds
deep
61
rima glottidis
space between vocal folds
62
trachea SD
lower
63
trachea FD
conducting
64
trachea is (anterior/posterior) to esophagus
anterior
65
trachea is lined by
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
66
structures in trachea
tracheal cartilages
anular ligaments
carina
67
tracheal cartilages composed of
hyaline cart.
68
tracheal cartilage shape
c-shaped rings
69
carina
where the trachea splits into R/L sides
70
bronchial tree SD
lower
71
bronchial tree
highly branched system of conducting passages
72
bronchial tree FD
conducting
73
bronchial tree location
in lungs
74
branching order of bronchial tree
(largest->smallest)
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
75
anatomical changes from primary bronchi to bronchioles
cartilage decreases
smooth muscle increases
76
lining of primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
77
lining of larger bronchioles
ciliated simple columnar w/ goblet cells
78
lining of smaller bronchioles
ciliated simple columnar w/o goblet cells
79
bronchioles structure
thick layer of smooth muscle
79
lining of terminal bronchioles
nonciliated simple columnar
80
bronchoconstriction
smooth muscle contracts
81
bronchodilation
smooth muscle relaxes
82
bronchioles branch into ___
terminal bronchioles
83
terminal bronchioles are the ____
end of the conducting zone
84
respiratory zone includes
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli
85
lining of superior respiratory bronchioles
simple cuboidal epithelium
86
lining of inferior respiratory bronchioles
simple squamous epithelium
87
lining of alveolar ducts
simple squamous epithelium
88
lining of alveoli
simple squamous epithelium
89
alveoli function
site of gas exchange
90
alveoli are surrounded by ____
pulmonary capillaries
91
3 cell types in alveoli
type I alveolar cells
type II alveolar cells
alveolar macrophages
92
type I alveolar cells function
gas exchange
93
type II alveolar cells function
secrete pulmonary surfactant
94
alveolar macrophages function
protection
95
digestive system is made of
organs that break down food into smaller molecules
96
digestive system consists of
gastrointestinal tract (GI Tract)
accessory organs
97
functions of digestive system
ingestion
digestion
secretion
absorption
defacation
98
ingestion
bringing in food/fluid
99
digestion
breakdown of food
100
2 types of digestion
mechanical
chemical
101
mechanical digestion
physically breakdown food into smaller particles
102
chemical digestion
breaking chemical bonds in food
103
what are used to aid in chemical digestion
enzymes
104
secretion
fluids that help digestion
105
absorption
movement of nutrients into the blood and lymph
106
defacation
elimination of wastes
107
general histology of GI tract (deep->superficial)
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
adventitia/serosa
108
mucosa composed of
epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae
109
lamina propria composition
areolar CT
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
110
submucosa composition
areolar CT
dense irregular CT
111
what does the submucosa contain
blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
112
muscularis composition in mouth, pharynx, part of esophagus, and external anal sphincter
skeletal muscle
113
muscularis composition in the rest of GI tract
smooth muscle
114
two layers of muscularis (deep->superficial)
circular
longitudinal
115
circular layer of muscularis creates ____
sphincters
116
Adventitia and serosa is the most (deep/superficial) layer
superficial
117
serosa is found in ____
parts of GI tract suspended in abdominal cavity
118
adventitia is found in ____
esophagus and lower aspect of rectum
119
peritoneum
serous membrane of abdominal cavity
120
layers of peritoneum
parietal peritoneum
visceral peritoneum
121
parietal peritoneum covers ____
wall of abdominal cavity
122
visceral peritoneum covers ____
abdominal cavity organs
123
intraperitoneal organs are (completely/partially) surrounded by peritoneum
completely
124
retroperitoneal organs are (completely/partially) surrounded by peritoneum
partially
125
folds of peritoneum
lesser omentum
greater omentum
mesentery
mesocolon
126
lesser omentum
connects stomach to liver
127
greater omentum
covers small intestine
128
mesentery
anchors small intestine to posterior abdominal wall
129
mesocolon
connects large intestine to posterior abdominal wall
130
oral cavity functions
ingestion
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion
131
oral cavity lining
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
132
superior border of the oral cavity structures
hard palate
soft palate
133
special feature of superior border of oral cavity
uvula
134
structures of inferior border of oral cavity
lingual frenulum
mylohyoid
135
lingual frenulum function
anchors tongue to gums
136
structures of anterior border of oral cavity
teeth
labia
labial frenulum
137
labial frenulum function
attaches inner surface of each lip to gums
138
structures of posterior border of oral cavity
fauces
palatine tonsils
139
salivary glands function
produce and secrete saliva
140
saliva functions
moisten oral cavity
chemical digestion
dissolve materials for taste receptors
antimicrobial
141
how is saliva secreted into oral cavity
ducts
141
3 major salivary glands
parotid clangs
submantibular glands
sublingual glands
142
parotid glands are the (largest/smallest)
largest
143
parotid glands location
anterior to ear
144
submandibular glands location
inferior to mandible
145
sublingual glands location
inferior to tongue
146
pharynx function
swallowing
147
esophagus location
posterior to trachea
148
esophagus function
transports bolus to stomach via peristalsis
149
upper esophageal sphincter composition
skeletal muscle
150
lower esophageal sphincter
smooth muscle
151
functions of stomach
mechanical and chemical digestion of bolus
storage
152
what is used to digest food in stomach
chyme
153
cells of stomach
mucous cells
parietal cells
chief cells
154
mucous cells function
secrete mucus
155
parietal cells function
secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)
156
cheif cells function
secrete pepsiongen
157
small intestine functions
digestion
absorption
158
segments of small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
159
ileocecal valve function
controls movement into small intestine
160
what do duodenal glands secrete
alkaline mucus
161
alkaline mucus function
helps neutralize gastric acid in chyme
162
large intestine functions
absorbs water and ions
compacts indigestible wastes into feces
163
structures of large intestine
cecum
appendix
ascending colon
right colic flexure
transverse colon
left colic flexure
sigmoid colon
rectum
anal canal
164
anal columns
prominent folds
165
anal columns secrete ____
mucus
166
anus
opening of anal canal into exterior
167
internal anal sphincter composition
smooth muscle
168
external anal sphincter composition
skeletal muscle
169
accessory digestive organs
teeth
salivary glands
tongue
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
170
functions of liver
produces bile
metabolism of carbs, proteins, lipids
store nutrients
detoxification
171
structures of liver
hepatic lobules
bile canaliculi
hepatic sinusoids
172
hepatic lobules
contain hepatocytes
173
hepatocytes function
secrete bile
174
bile canaliculi location
between hepatocytes
175
hepatic sinusoids
highly permeable blood capillaries
176
what do hepatic sinusoids contain
WBCs
177
gallbladder function
stores bile
178
pathway of bile
gallbladder releases it
cystic duct
bile duct
pancreas
179
functions of pancreas
produce pancreatic juices
produce glucagon and insulin
180
pathway of pancreatic juice
secreting cells
pancreatic duct
common bile duct
hepatopancreatic ampulla
duodenum
181
urinary system functions
removes wastes from blood
produce, store, and excrete urine
regulate blood volume
pH balance
182
urinary system structures
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
183
kidneys location
L/R lumbar region of abdominopelvic cavity
184
kidneys are (intraperitoneal/retroperitoneal)
retroperitoneal
185
hilum
where blood vessels, nerves, and ureters enter/exit the kidneys
186
protective layers around kidneys
(deep->superficial)
fibrous capsule
perirenal fat
renal fascia
187
2 major regions of kidney
(superficial->deep)
renal cortex
renal medulla
188
structures in renal medulla
renal pyramids
renal columns
189
renal pyramids
nephrons
190
renal columns location
in between each renal pyramid
191
tubing of kidney
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
192
bloodflow through kidney
enters via renal artery
segmental arteries
interlobar arteries
arcuate arteries
interlobular arteries
nephron
193
bloodflow through nephron
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
194
bloodflow out of kidney
interlobular vein
arcuate vein
interlobar
renal vein
195
nephron
functional filtration until of kidney
196
how many nephron per kidney
1.25 million
197
3 processes to form urine
filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
198
2 types of nephrons
cortical nephrons
juxtamedullary nephrons
199
cortical nephrons origin
outer renal cortex
200
cortical nephron characteristics
shorter nephron loop
more of them
201
juxtamedullary nephrons origin
originate in inner renal cortex
202
juxtamedullary nephrons characteristics
longer nephron loop
less of them
203
2 nephron elements
vascular elements
tubular elements
204
vascular elements of nephron
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
vasa recta
205
afferent arteriole
delivers blood to glomerulus
206
glomerulus
capillary bed
207
efferent arteriole
drains glomerulus
208
peritubular capillaries
surround tubules
209
vasa recta
surround nephron loop
210
tubular elements of nephron
glomerular capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
distal convoluted tubule
211
glomerular capsule is a part of the ____
renal corpuscle
212
renal corpuscle contains
glomerular capsule
glomerulus
213
another name for nephron loop
loop of Henle
214
nephron loop segments
descending loop
ascending loop
215
layers of glomerular capsule
visceral layer
parietal layer
capsular space
216
visceral layer of glomerular capsule composition
podocytes
217
parietal layer of glomerular capsule composition
simple squamous epithelium
218
3 layers of filtration membrane
fenestrated capillary endothelium
visceral layer of glomerular capsule
basement membrane
219
pedicels
extensions on podocytes
220
filtration slits location
in between pedicels
221
proximal convoluted tubule function
reabsorption
222
proximal convoluted tubule lining
sumple cuboidal w/ microvilli
223
nephron loop surrounded by ____
vasa recta
224
thick limbs of nephron loop lining
simple cuboidal
225
thin limbs of nephron loop lining
simple squamous
226
descending limb of nephron loop reabsorbs ____
water
227
ascending limb of nephron loop reabsorbs ____
Na+, Cl-
228
distal convoluted tubule lining
simple cuboidal w/o microvilli
229
distal convoluted tubule function
secrete K+ and H+
230
ureters function
transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
231
ureters lining
transitional epithelium
232
urinary bladder function
stores urine
233
trigone
2 urethral openings + 1 internal urethral orifice
234
internal urethral sphincter composition
smooth muscle
235
external urethral sphincter composition
skeletal muscle
236
3 parts of male urethra
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
237
prostatic urethra
extends through prostate
238
membranous urethra
extends through pelvic floor
239
spongy urethra
extends length of pelvis
240
reproductive system functions
produce, nourish, and transport gemetes
facilitate fertilization
support growth of embryo/fetus
241
male reproductive system
scrotum
testes
ducts
urethra
accessory sex glands
penis
242
tunica albuginea
divides each testes into lobuless
243
sertoli cells
support/protect developing sperm cells
244
ducts of testes
straight tubules
rete testis
efferent ductules
duct of epididymis
245
bulbourethral glands
secrete alkaline fluid w/ mucus
246
femal reproductive system
ovaries
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
vulva
247
corpus luteum
remnants of tertiary ovarian follicle
