Unit 2 Exam Flashcards
(435 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 different muscles of respiration
A
scalenes
external intercostals
internal intercostals
diaphragm
2
Q
What is the origin for scalenes
A
vertebrae
3
Q
what is the insertion for scalenes
A
ribs
4
Q
what are the functions of scalenes
A
elevates ribs
flexes/rotates neck
5
Q
what is the origin of external intercostals
A
ribs
6
Q
what is the insertion of external intercostals
A
ribs
7
Q
what is the function of external intercostals
A
elevate ribs during inhalation
8
Q
what is the origin of internal intercostals
A
ribs
9
Q
what is the insertion of internal intercostals
A
ribs
10
Q
what is the function of internal intercostals
A
depresses ribs during exhalation
11
Q
what are the origins of the diaphragm
A
ribs
sternum
lumbar vertebrae
12
Q
what is the insertion of the diaphragm
A
central tendon of diaphragm
13
Q
what are the functions of the diaphragm
A
inhalation
exhalation
14
Q
what are the 3 muscles of the abdominal wall
A
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
15
Q
what is the function of the external oblique
A
flexes vertebral column
16
Q
what is the function of the internal oblique
A
flexes vertebral column
17
Q
what is the function of transversus abdominis
A
`compress abdominal contents
18
Q
what is the name of the muscle that moves the pectoral girdle
A
serratus anterior
19
Q
what is the function of serratus anterior
A
protraction of scapula
20
Q
what is the origin of serratus anterior
A
ribs
21
Q
what is the insertion of serratus anterior
A
scapula
22
Q
What are the 3 muscles that move the glenohumeral joint
A
latissimus dorsi
pectoralis major
deltoid
23
Q
what are the origins of latissimus dorsi
A
vertebrae
sacrum
ilium
ribs
24
Q
what is the insertion of latissimus dorsi
A
humerus
25
what are the functions of latissimus dorsi
extends, abducts, and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint
26
what are the origins of pectoralis major
clavicle
sternum
ribs
27
what is the insertion of pectoralis major
humerus
28
what are the functions of pectoralis major
adducts arm
medially rotates arm
29
what are the origins of deltoid
scapula
clavicle
30
what is the insertion of deltoid
humerus
31
what is the function of deltoid
abducts arm
32
what are the 5 muscles that move the elbow/forearm
biceps brachii
brachialis
triceps brachii
pronator teres
supinator
33
what is the origin of biceps brachii
scapula
34
what is the insertion of biceps brachii
radius
35
what are the functions of biceps brachii
flexes and supinates forearm
36
what is the origin of brachialis
humerus
37
what is the insertion of brachialis
ulna
38
what is the function of brachialis
flexes forearm
39
what are the origins of triceps brachii
scapula
humerus
40
what is the insertion of triceps brachii
ulna
41
what is the function of triceps brachii
extends forearm
42
what are the origins of pronator teres
humerus
ulna
43
what is the insertion of pronator teres
radius
44
what is the function of pronator teres
pronates forearm
45
what are the origins of supinator
humerus
ulna
46
what is the insertion of supinator
radius
47
what is the function of supinator
supinates forearm
48
what are the 3 muscles that move the hip joint/thigh (1)
rectus femoris
tensor fasciae latae
gluteus maximus
49
what is the origin for rectus femoris
ilium
50
what are the insertions for rectus femoris
patella
tibia
51
what are the functions of rectus femoris
extends knee
flexes thigh
52
what is the origin for tensor fasciae latae
ilium
53
what is the insertion for tensor fasciae latae
iliotibial tract
54
what are the functions for tensor fasciae latae
flexes and abducts thigh
55
what is the origin of gluteus maximus
ilium
56
what is the insertion of gluteus maximus
femur
57
what is the function of gluteus maximus
extends thigh
58
what are the 6 muscles that move the hip joint/thigh (2)
adductor brevis
adductor longus
adductor magnus
biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
59
what are the functions of adductor brevis
adducts and rotates thigh
60
what are the functions of adductor longus
adducts and flexes thigh
61
what are the functions of adductor magnus
adducts and rotates thigh
62
what are the functions of biceps femoris
extends thigh
flexes knee
63
what are the functions of semimembranosus
extends thigh
flexes knee
64
what are the functions of semitendinosus
extends thigh
flexes knee
65
what is the muscle that moves the knee joint and leg
gastrocnemius
66
what is the origin for gastrocnemius
femur
67
what is the insertion for gastrocnemius
calcaneus
68
what are the functions for gastrocnemius
plantar flexes foot
flexes leg
69
what two kinds of structures make up the skeletal system
bone
cartilage
70
what is cartilage
semi-rigid connective tissue
71
cartilage is vascular/avascular
avascular
72
what 2 kinds of cells are found in cartilage
chondroblasts
chondrocytes (in lacunae)
73
what do chondroblasts create
cartilage
74
what are the functions of cartilage
support structures
cushion joints
precursor model for bone growth
75
what are the 3 kinds of cartilage found in the body
hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage
76
hyaline cartilage is the most/least common
most common
77
hyaline cartilage is the strongest/weakest
weakest
78
locations of hyaline cartilage
fetal skeleton
ends of articulating bones
trachea
79
what is fibrocartilage made of
densely interwoven collagen fibers
80
fibrocartilage is durable/fragile
durable
81
where is fibrocartilage found
intervertebral discs
pubic symphasis
meniscus of knee
82
what is elastic cartilage made of
elastic fibers
83
elastic cartilage is very/not very cellular
very cellular
84
where is elastic cartilage found
epiglottis
external ear
85
what is a bone
an organ with many tissue types
86
what are bones primarily made of
bone tissue (osseus)
87
bones are vascular/avascular
vascular
88
how to bones get their strength
calcification
89
what is calcification
adding calcium to bones in order to make them stronger
90
What are the 5 functions of bone
support
protection
movement
hemopoiesis
storage
91
what is hemopoiesis
formation of blood cells
92
where does hemopoiesis occur
red bone marrow
93
what things are stored in the bone
minerals (Calcium, Phosphate)
triglycerides
94
where are triglycerides stored in the bone
yellow bone marrow
95
what are the 4 types of bones
long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones
96
what is the shape of long bones
more long than wide
97
examples of long bones
upper/lower limbs
finger/toes
98
what is the shape of short bones
equal length and width
99
examles of short bones
carpals/tarsals
sesamoid bones(patella)
100
what are the shape of flat bones
thin
flat
curved
101
examples of flat bones
cranial bones
scapula
sternum
102
what is the shape of irregular bones
other/complex shapes
(if not clearly in another category it goes here)
103
examples of irregular bones
vertebrae
sacrum
ossa coxae
104
What are the 5 main anatomical features of long bones
diaphysis
epiphyses
metaphyses
articular cartilage
medullary cavity
105
what is the function of the diaphysis
leverage
weight bearing
106
what does epiphysis mean
ends
107
what are the functions of the epiphyses
surface area for joints
attachment site
108
where is the metaphyses found
between diaphysis and epiphyses
109
what does the metaphyses contain
epiphyseal plate
110
what is the epiphyseal plate made of
hyaline cartilage
111
what happens to the epiphyseal plate
it is replaced by bone and then becomes the epiphyseal line
112
where is articular cartilage found on long bones
at the ends
113
what is articular cartilage made of
hyaline cartilage
114
what are the functions of articular cartilage
reduces friction
shock absorber
115
what does the medullary cavity contain
yellow bone marrow
red bone marrow
116
what is the periosteum
outside layer of the bone
117
what is the periosteum made of
dense irregular connective tissue
118
what are the two layers of the periosteum
outer fibrous layer
inner cellular layer
119
what is the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum made of
collagen fibers
120
what can the inner cellular layer of the periosteum do
osteogenic - can form new bone
121
how is the periosteum attached
via perforating fibers
122
what is the endosteum of a long bone
internal surfaces of a bone
123
what is the endosteum made of
dense irregular connective tissue
124
what does the endosteum contain
bone cells
125
ID A
Red bone marrow
126
ID B
epiphyses
127
ID C
metaphysis
128
ID D
diaphysis
129
ID E
Medullary Cavity
130
ID F
yellow bone marrow
131
ID G
articular cartilage
132
What are the four types of bone cells
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
133
what do osteoprogenitor cells turn into
osteoblasts
134
osteoprogenitor cell function
will become bone cells
135
osteoprogenitor cell anatomy
flat
wide
one nucleus
136
what do osteoblasts turn into
osteocytes
137
osteoblasts function
build bone
138
how do osteoblasts complete their function
secreting osteoid
139
osteoblasts anatomy
single nucleus
cuboidal
140
osteocytes functions
maintain metabolism
communicate
141
osteocytes anatomy
osteoblasts trapped in lacunae
142
osteoclasts are related/not related to osteocytes
not related
143
osteoclasts function
bone resorption(breakdown)
144
how to osteoclasts complete their function
secrete HCl which breaks down bones and puts calcium into blood
145
osteoclasts anatomy
large
multinucleated
146
what are the 2 major classes of bone tissue
compact bone
spongy bone
147
what are the other names for compact bone
dense bone
cortical bone
148
where is compact bone found
external surfaces of long and flat bones
149
what are the major characteristics of compact bone
solid
dense
good at protection
150
what is the structural and functional unit of compact bone
osteon
151
where is the central canal found in the osteon
center
(tree trunk)
152
what 3 things does the central canal of an osteon hold
holds blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves
153
what are the 3 kinds of lamellae
concentric lamellae
circumferential lamellae
interstitial lamellae
154
where is concentric lamellae found in regard to an osteon
rings around central canals
155
where is circumferential lamellae found in regard to an osteon
surround entire circumference of osteon
156
what is interstitial lamellae
fragments of old osteons
157
what is a lacunae of an osteon
small spaces between concentric lamellae
158
where are osteocytes found in an osteon
within lacunae
159
what are the functions of canaliculi in osteons
connect adjacent lacunae
promote interaction between osteocytes
160
how do canaliculi promote interaction between osteocytes
allow for communication between them
create physical passageways
161
where are perforating canals found
transverse periosteum
(transversely connects central canals)
162
what do perforating canals carry
blood vessels
lymphatics
nerves
163
what are the other names for spongy bone
trabecular bone
cancellous bone
164
where is spongy bone found in long bones
internal to dense bone
165
spongy bone is more/less dense than dense bone
less
166
spongy bone does/does not have osteons
does not
167
what is spongy bone made of
trabeculae
168
what is interstitial growth of bones
growth in length
169
what is appositional growth of bones
growth in thickness
170
what is ossification
formation of bone
171
when does ossification begin
during embryonic period
172
what are the two general patterns of ossification
intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification
173
what is formed during intramembranous ossification
skull and clavicles
174
what is formed during endochondral ossification
everything but skull and clavicles
175
what are the 4 steps of intramembranous ossification
1) ossification center forms
2) osteoid undergoes calcification
3) trabeculae form
4) compact bone and periosteum form
176
what happens during the first step of intramembranous ossification
osteoblasts secrete osteoid appositionally
177
what happens during the second step of intramembranous ossification
traps osteoblasts in lacunae where they become osteocytes
178
what are the 7 steps of endochondral ossification
1) hyaline cartilage model develops
2) hyaline cartilage model grows
3) cartilage extracellular matric calcifies
4) primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
5) secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
6) articular cartilage covers epiphyses and epiphyseal plate
7) bone replaces eiphyseal plate
179
what happens during the first step of endochondral ossification
- chondroblasts secrete cartilage
- perichondrium develops around hyaline cartilage model
180
what happens during the second step of endochondral ossification
- chondroblasts become chondrocytes
- chondrocytes divide and secrete cartilage interstitially
181
what happens during the third step of endochondral ossification
- chondrocytes die
- osteocytes in lacunae
182
what happens during the fourth step of endochondral ossification
- osteoblasts secred osteoid interstitially
- perichondrium becomes periosteum
183
what happens during the fifth step of endochondral ossification
osteoblasts secrete osteoid appositionally
184
what is bone remodeling
continual formation of new bone and resorption of old bone
185
what does bone remodeling do
helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels
186
how is bone remodeling stimulated
stress on bone or hormones
187
how does bone remodeling change with age
decreases in frequency as age increases
188
what is the ratio of bone formation vs bone resorption for those before and throughout puberty
formation > resorption
189
what is the ratio of bone formation vs bone resorption for young adults
formation = resorption
190
what is the ratio of bone formation vs bone resorption for older adults
formation < resorption
191
what happens to bones as they age (2)
- lose ability to produce collagen
- lose calcium and other minerals
192
what happens due to bones losing their ability to produce collagen with age
brittle bones
193
what happens due to bones losing calcium and other minerals
thinner, weaker bones
potential osteoperosis
194
what is osteoperosis
decrease in bone density
195
how many bones are there in the human body
206
196
what are the 6 types of bones of the axial skeleton
skull bones
auditory ossicles
hyoid
vertebral column
sternum
ribs
197
what are the functions of cranial bones
protect brain
attachment sites
198
what are the functions of facial bones
- framework for face
- protect and support entrances to digestive/respiratory systems
- attachment site for facial muscles
199
what are the 4 unique structures of the skull
nasal septum
sutures
paranasal sinuses
fontanels
200
what is the function of the nasal septum
divides nasal cavity into R/L sides
201
what are the 3 components of the nasal septum
vomer
perpendicular plate
septal cartilage
202
ID area
nasal cavity
203
ID A
septal cartilage
204
ID B
Vomer
205
ID C
perpendicular plate
206
what are cranial sutures
immovable joins between skull bones
207
what is the function of cranial sutures
hold skull bones together
208
what are paranasal sinuses
cavities near nasal cavity
209
what are paranasal sinuses lined with
mucus membranes
210
what are the functions of paranasal sinuses
lighten skull
intensify and prolong sounds
211
where are the paranasal sinuses located
frontal bone
sphenoid bone
ethmoid bone
maxillae
212
what are fontanels
dense CT between incompletely developed cranial bones at birth
213
what are the functions of fontanels
- spacers for growth of neighboring skull bones
- flexibility in fetal skull
214
what are the 4 fontanels
anterior fontanel
posterior fontanel
anterolateral fontanel
posterolateral fontanel
215
what does the anterior fontanel connect
parietal bones and frontal bone
216
what does the posterior fontanel connect
parietal bones and occipital bone
217
what does the anterolateral fontanel connect
frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones
218
what does the posterolateral fontanel connect
parietal, occipital, and temporal bones
219
what does the vertebral column enclose
spinal cord
220
what are the functions of the vertebral column
protects spinal cord
supports head
point of attachment for many structures
221
what are intervertebral discs
discs found betwen vertebrae composed of fibrocartilage
222
what are the functions of intervertebral discs
form strong joints
allow movement of vertebral column
absorb vertical shock
223
what are the functions of the thoracic cage
encloses/protects organs in thoracic cavity
supports upper limbs
breathing
224
how many ribs are there
12 pairs
225
what are the 2 kinds of ribs
true ribs
false ribs
226
what are true ribs
ribs directly attached to sternum
227
how are true ribs connected to the sternum
costal cartilages
228
which ribs are true ribs
1-7
229
what are false ribs
ribs where the costal cartilages attach indirectly to sternum or not at all
230
which ribs are false ribs
8-12
231
what are floating ribs
ribs that don't connect to sternum at all
232
which ribs are floating ribs
11-12
233
what bones make up the pectoral girdle
clavicle
scapula
234
what does the pectoral girdle do
attaches bones of free upper limb to axial skeleton
235
what bones make up the pelvic girdle
paired ossa coxae
236
what does the pelvic girdle do
attached bones of free lower limb to axial skeleton
237
how do the two ossa coxae connect both anteriorly and posteriorly
ant - pubic symphysis
post - sacrum
238
what is another word for joints
articulations
239
what are the 3 ways that joints connect things
bone-bone
bone-cartilage
bone-teeth
240
stability and mobility are congruent/inverse
inverse
241
what are the 2 ways to classigy joints
functional joint classes
structural joint classes
242
what are the 3 functional joint classes
synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses
243
what are synarthroses
immovable joints
244
where are synarthroses found
axial skeleton
245
what are amphiarthroses
slightly movable joints
246
where are amphiarthroses found
axial skeleton
247
what are diarthroses
freely movable joints
248
where are diathroses found
appendicular skeleton
249
what are the 3 structural joint classes
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
250
what are fibrous joints united by
dense irregular CT
251
fibrous joints do/do not have a joint cavity
do not
252
fibrous joints make strong/weak connections
strong
253
what are the 4 types of fibrous joints
sutures
syndesmoses
interosseus membranes
gomphoses
254
what is the functional joint class of sutures
synarthroses
255
where are syndesmoses found
between parallel bones
256
what is the functional joint class of syndesmoses
amphiarthroses
257
where are interosseous membranes found
between long bones
258
what is an example of a suture
coronal suture
259
what is an example of a sundesmoses
distal tibiofibular joint
260
what is an example of interosseous membranes
between tibia and fibula
261
what is the functional class of interosseous membranes
amphiarthroses
262
where are gomphoses found
between teeth and alveolus
263
what is the functional class of gomphoses
synarthroses
264
what are cartilaginous joints united by
cartilage
(hyaline or fibrocartilage)
265
cartilaginous joints have loose/tight connections
tight
266
cartilaginous joints do/do not have joint cavities
do not
267
what are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints
synchondroses
symphyses
268
what are synchondroses made of
hyaline cartilage
269
what is an example of synchondroses
epiphyseal plate
270
what is the functional joint class of synchondroses
synarthroses
271
what are symphyses made of
pad of fibrocartilage
272
what is an example of symphyses
intervertebral discs
273
what is the functional class of symphyses
amphiarthroses
274
synovial joints do/do not have a joint cavity
do
275
what is the functional class of synovial joints
diarthroses
276
what are bursae
fluid filled structures around some joints
277
what is the function of bursae
reduce friction
278
what are tendon sheaths
elongated bursae around tendons
279
what is a denton
connects bone to muscle
280
what is the function of tendon sheaths
reduce friction
281
what are the 4 types of movements at synovial joints
gliding
angular
rotational
special
282
what occurs during gliding
sliding back and forth or side to side
283
what are the 5 kinds of angular movement
flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
circumduction
284
what is flexion
decrease angle between articulating bones
285
what is extension
increase angle between articulating bones
286
what is circumduction
movement in circle
287
what is rotational movement
bone turns along longitudinal axis
288
what is medial rotation
anterior surface turned toward midline
289
what are the 3 kinds of rotational movement at synovial joints
rotation
medial rotation
lateral rotation
290
what is lateral rotation
anterior surface turned away from midline
291
what is a depression movement
downward movement
292
what is an elevation movement
upward movement
293
what is a protraction movement
forward movement
294
what is a retraction movement
backward movement
295
what is an inversion movement
turn bottom of foot toward midline
296
what is an eversion movement
turn bottom of food away from midline
297
what is a supination movement
movement of forearms so palms face up
298
what is a pronation movement
movement of forearms so palms face down
299
what is an opposition movement
brings tip of thumb in contact with tips of fingers
300
what are the 6 kinds of synovial joints
plane joints
hinge joints
pivot joints
condyloid joints
saddle joints
ball and socket joints
301
what are the articular surfaces of plane joints
flat planes
302
what movement occurs at plane joints
gliding
303
example of plane joints
joints in carpals and tarsals
304
what is a hinge joint
convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another bone
305
movement that occurs at hinge joints
flexion and extension
306
example of hinge joint
elbow
307
what is a pivot joint
round surface held in place by ligaments
308
movement that occurs at pivot joints
pronate/supinate
309
example of pivot joint
radioulnar joint
310
condyloid joint
oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into oval-shaped depression of another bone
311
movements that occur at condyloid joints
flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
312
example of condyloid joints
radiocarpal joint
313
saddle joints
articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped, articular surface of anothe bone fits in saddle
314
movements at saddle joints
abduction/adduction
flexion/extension
315
example of saddle joints
first carpometacarpal joint
316
ball and socket joints
ball-like surface of one bone fits into socket of another bone
317
movements at ball and socket joints
abduction/adduction
flexion/extension
rotation
318
example of ball and socket joint
hip joint
319
temporomandibular joint location
articulation between temporal bone adn mandible
320
temporomandibular joint structural class
synovial
321
temporomandibular joint types of joints found there
hinge
plane
322
temporomandibular joint functional class
diarthroses
323
temporomandibular joint movements
depression/elevation
protraction/retraction
324
ligaments found at the temporomandibular joint
lateral ligament
sphenomandibular ligament
stylomandibular ligament
325
joints found at the shoulder joint
glenohumeral joint
humeroscapular joint
326
shoulder joint function
articulation between humerus and scapula
327
shoulder joint structural class
synovial
328
shoulder joint type of joint
ball and socket
329
shoulder joint functional class
diarthroses
330
shoulder joint movements
abduction/adduction
flexion/extension
circumduction
medial/lateral rotation
331
ligaments of shoulder joint
coracohumeral joint
glenohumeral ligament
transverse humeral ligament
332
elbow joint location
articulation between humerus and radius/ulna
333
elbow joint structural class
synovial
334
elbow joint type of joint
hinge
pivot
335
elbow joint functional class
diarthroses
336
elbow joint movements
extension/flexion
337
ligaments of elbow joint
ulnar collateral ligament
radial collateral ligament
annular ligament
338
hip joint function
articulation between pelvic bone and femur
339
hip joint structural class
synovial
340
hip joint type of joint
ball and socket
341
hip joint functional class
diarthroses
342
hip joint movements
abduction/adduction
flexion/extension
circumduction
medial/lateral rotation
343
ligaments of hip joint
iliofemoral ligament
pubofemoral ligament
ischiofemoral ligament
344
knee joint function
articulation between femur, tibia, and patella
345
knee joint structural class
synovial
346
knee joint type of joint
hinge
347
knee joint functional class
diarthroses
348
knee joint movement
flexion/extension
349
ligaments of knee joint
tibial collateral ligament
fibular collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
350
what does cruciate mean
criss-cross
351
what are the 3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
352
what are the functions of muscle tissue
produce body movements
stabilize body positions
store and move substances
produce heat
allow breathing
353
what are the 4 characteristics of muscle tissue
excitability
contractability
extensability
elasticity
354
what is excitability of muscle tissue
ability to respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals
355
what is contractability of muscle tissue
ability to contract (shorten)
356
what is extensability of muscle tissue
ability to stretch without damage
357
what is elasticity of muscle tissue
ability to return to original length/shape after contraction
358
skeletal muscle tissue location
attached to bones
359
skeletal muscle tissue function
moves bones
360
skeletal muscle tissue is voluntary/involuntary
voluntary
361
what is aponeurosis
broad, flat sheet of dense regular connective tissue
362
what is the order of skeletal muscle structural organization (superficial->deep)
muscle
fascicles
muscle fibers
myofibrils
myofilaments
363
connective tissue coverings location
wrap around muscle components
364
connective tissue coverings functions
protection
attachment
365
4 types of connective tissue coverings
endumysium
perimysium
epimysium
fascia
366
endomysium location
surrounds each muscle fiber
367
perimysium location
surrounds each muscle fascicle
368
epimysium location
surrounds entire muscle
369
fascia location
large CT sheet, weaps around group of muscles
370
how are muscle fibers formed
fusion of myoblasts during embryonic development
371
how does skeletal muscle grow in utero
hyperplasia - increase in cell #
372
how does skeletal muscle grow after birth
hypertrophy - increase in size
373
what are satellite cells
myoblasts in mature skeletal muscle
374
what is a sarcolemma
cell membrane of muscle fiber
375
what is a sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of muscle fiber
376
what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum
smooth ER of muscle fiber
377
what are transverse tubules(T-tubules)
invaginations(turning inside out) of sarcolemma into sarcoplasm
378
what are terminal cisternae
sacs at end of sarcoplasmic reticulum that store Calcium ion
379
what does myoglobin do
binds O2 in muscle fibers
380
what are the 2 types of myofilaments
thin filaments
thick filaments
381
what are thin filaments made of
2 twisted strands of actin protein
382
the 2 regulatory proteins in thin filaments
tropomyosin
troponin
383
what does tropomyosin do
covers actin
384
what does troponin do
holds tropomyosin in place
385
what is a sarcomere
functional unit of skeletal muscle
386
sarcomeres are/are not contractile
are
387
myofilaments do/do not change length
do not
388
what is the sliding filament theory
muscles contract due to interaction of thick and thin filaments in each sarcomere
389
what is a neuromuscular junction
junction between motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber
390
what is a motor unit
single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls
391
function of small motor unit
precise control of movement
392
function of large motor unit
greater strength of contraction
393
what is the synaptic cleft
space between synaptic knob and motor end plate
394
what are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers
slow oxidative fibers (Type I fibers)
fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers (Type IIa)
fast glycolytic fibers (Type IIb)
395
slow oxidative fibers perform aerobic/anaerobic cellular respiration
aerobic
396
fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers perform aerobic/anaerobic cellular respiration
primarily aerobic
secondarily anaerobic
397
fast glycolytic fibers perform aerobic/anaerobic cellular respiration
anaerobic
398
type 1 fibers have high/low myoglobin
high
399
type 2a fibers have high/low myoglobin
high
400
type 2b fibers have high/low myoglobin
low
401
type 1 fibers have many/few mitochondria
many
402
type 2a fibers have many/few mitochondria
many
403
type 2b fibers have many/few mitochondria
few
404
type 1 fibers have high/intermediate/low resistance to fatigue
high
405
type 2a fibers have high/intermediate/low resistance to fatigue
intermediate
406
type 2b fibers have high/intermediate/low resistance to fatigue
low
407
type 1 fibers have a fast/slow speed of contraction
slow
408
type 2a fibers have a fast/slow speed of contraction
fast
409
type 2b fibers have a fast/slow speed of contraction
fast
410
what is the origin of a muscle
attachment to non-moving bone
411
what is the insertion of a muscle
attachment to moving bone
412
what are the 4 parts of a level system
lever
fulcrum
effort
load
413
what is a lever
rigid structure that rotates around a fixed point
414
what is a fulcrum
fixed point (joint)
415
what is an effort(force)
causes movement (muscle contraction)
416
what is a load(resistance)
weight the opposes movement (body part attempting to move)
417
what are the 3 types of levers
first class levers
second class levers
third class levers
418
first class levers
fulcrum in middle
419
second class levers
load in middle
420
third class levers
effort in middle
421
what is a fascicle
bundle of muscle fibers
422
what are the 5 kinds of fascicle arrangements
parallel
fusiform
circular
triangular
pennate
423
parallel fascicle arrangement
fascicles parallel to long axis of muscle
424
fusiform fascicle arrangement
fascicles nearly parallel to long axis of muscle, larger central region, muscle tapers toward tendons
425
circular fascicle arrangement
fascicles in concentric, circular arrangements
426
triangular fascicle arrangement
fascicles spread over broad area and converge at thick central tendon
427
pennate fascicle arrangement
short fascicles, tendon extends almost entire muscle length
428
3 types of pennate fascicle arrangement
unipennate
bipennate
multipennate
429
unipennate arrangement
fascicles arranged on one side of the tendon
430
bipennate arrangement
fascicles arranged on two sides of tendon
431
multipennate arrangement
fascicles attach from many directions to several tendons
432
prime mover (agonist)
muscle produces specific movement
433
antagonist
opposite action of prime mover(agonist)
434
synergist
assists prime mover
435
fixators
stabilize origin of prime mover
