Unit 3 Exam Flashcards
GET AN A GODDAMNIT (289 cards)
1
Q
What is the function of the Cardiovascular System
A
pumps blood through the body
2
Q
Hematology
A
the study of blood
3
Q
what does the cardiovascular system consist of (3)
A
blood
heart
blood vessels
4
Q
what is blood made of
A
liquid connective tissue
5
Q
functions of blood
A
transport
regulation of pH
regulation of body temp
regulation of cellular water content
protection
6
Q
standard blood temp
A
38 degrees celcius
7
Q
standard blood pH
A
7.35-7.45
8
Q
color of oxygenated blood
A
bright red
9
Q
color of deoxigenated blood
A
dark red
10
Q
standard blood volume
A
4-6 liters
11
Q
2 components of blood
A
blood plasma
formed elements
12
Q
how to separate the two parts of blood
A
centrifuge
13
Q
plasma color and state of matter
A
straw colored
liquid
14
Q
how much of blood does plasma make up
A
55%
15
Q
what is plasma made of (2)
A
water
proteins
16
Q
what proteins are found in plasma
A
albumin
globulins
fibrinogen
17
Q
what are the 3 formed elements in blood
A
red blood cells (RBCs)
white blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets
18
Q
alternative name for RBCs
A
erythrocytes
19
Q
alternative name for WBCs
A
leukocytes
20
Q
alternative name for Platelets
A
thrombocytes
21
Q
what is hemopoiesis
A
formation of new blood cells
22
Q
where does hemopoiesis occur
A
red bone marrow
23
Q
what are the precursors of all blood cells
A
hemopoietic stem cells
24
Q
function of hemopoietic growth factors
A
regulate differentiation and proliferation of blood cells
25
what are the 3 hemopoietic growth factors
Erythropoietin
Thrombopoietin
Cytokines
26
what does Erythropoietin do
stimulates RBC production
27
what does Thrombopoietin do
stimulates Platelet production
28
what do Cytokines do
stimulate WBC and other blood cells production
29
RBC structure
flexible
biconcave disc
30
RBCs do/do not have a nucleus
do not
31
Erythropoiesis
production of RBCs
32
Polycythemia
increased RBCs
33
Anemia
decreased RBCs
34
RBC functions
transport respiratory gases
contain hemoglobin
35
what does hemoglobin do
binds to O2 and CO2
36
hemoglobin composition
4 globin proteins
37
WBCs do/do not have a nucleus
do
38
WBCs overall function
immunity
39
normal WBC count
5,000-10,000 WBCs/mm^3 blood
40
leukopenia
low WBCs
41
Leukocytosis
high WBCs
42
Leukemia
extremely high WBCs
(cancer of the blood)
43
2 types of WBCs
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
44
difference between granulocytes(1) vs agranulocytes(2)
1) contain visible granules
2) no visible granules
45
3 kinds of granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
46
Neutrophil abundance
60-70% of WBCs
47
Neutrophil function
phagocytosis
48
Neutrophil distinguishing features
Nucleus(band or segmented)
lavender granules
49
Eosinophil abundance
2-4%
50
Eosinophil function
respond to parasites/allergies
51
Eosinophil distinguishing features
nucleus(bilobed)
big orange/red granules
52
Basophil abundance
<1%
53
Basophil function
respond to parasites/allergies
54
Basophil distinguishing features
nucleus(bilobed)
big purple granules
55
2 kinds of agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
56
Lymphocyte abundance
20-25%
57
Lymphocyte function
specific immunity against pathogens
58
Lymphocyte types
T lymphocyte
B lymphocyte
59
B Lymphocyte function
develop into plasma cells(secrete antibodies)
60
Lymphocyte distinguishing features
large nucleus
little cytoplasm
61
Monocyte abundance
3-8%
62
Monocyte function
Phagocytosis
63
Monocyte distinguishing features
large
horseshoe-shaped nucleus
may have vacuoles
64
secondary function/ability of Monocytes
can migrate from blood to tissues(Macrophages)
65
What are Platelets
fractions of megakaryocytes
66
Platelets distinguishing features
small
no nucleus
67
platelet function
clotting
68
what is a blood smear differential
stained blood smear
69
how to use a blood smear differential
count 100 WBCs and get %s of each type of WBC
70
Function of heart
pump blood
71
the heart starts pumping before/after birth
before
72
Cardiology
the study of the heart
73
where is the heart located
in the mediastinum
rests on diaphragm
74
the heart is angled slightly right/left
left (NOT ON LEFT SIDE)
75
apex of heart
inferior, pointed end
76
base of heart
superior, broader region
77
Pericardium function
surrounds and protects heart
78
2 layers of pericardium
fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium
79
fibrous pericardium is superficial/deep
superficial
80
serous pericardium is superficial/deep
deep
81
fibrous pericardium function
anchors heart to mediastinum
82
serous pericardium function
double layer around heart
83
3 layers of heart wall (superficial->deep)
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
84
Epicardium tissue type(s)
Simple squamous epithelium
Areolar CT
Adipose Tissue
85
Myocardium is the thickest/thinnest layer of the heart
thickest
86
Myocardium tissue type(s)
cardiac muscle tissue
87
myocardium function
pumping
88
Endocardium tissue type(s)
endothelium
connective tissue
89
endocardium function
smooth lining for chambers of heart
90
2 types of blood vessels
arteries
veins
91
function of arteries
move blood away from the heart
92
function of veins
move blood to the heart
93
what are auricles
anterior part of atria (ear)
94
auricles function
hold excessive blood
95
what are sulci
invaginations
96
3 sulci examples
coronary sulcus
anterior interventricular suclus
posterior interventricular sulcus
97
coronary sulcus location
between atria and ventricles
98
anterior interventricular sulcus location
between ventricles on anterior side
99
posterior interventricular sulcus location
between ventricles on posterior side
100
valve function
prevent backflow of blood
101
4 valves
trucuspid valve
bicuspid valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve
102
atrioventricular valve location
between atria/ventricles
103
2 atrioventricular valves
tricuspid
bicuspid
104
2 semilunar valve
pulmonary
aortic
105
Fibrous skeleton purpose
anchor valves in place
106
fibrous skeleton location
between ventricles and atria
107
blood flows through the heart ___directionally
unidirectionally
108
to what 2 locations is blood pumped
lungs (deoxygenated)
body (oxygenated)
109
2 types of circulation
pulomary circulation
systemic circulation
110
pulmonary circulation function
pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
(R. Atrium -> Lungs)
111
Systemic circulation function
pumps oxygenated blood to rest of body/body systems
(L. Atrium -> entrance of R. Atrium)
112
Which 3 veins bring deoxygenated blood to R. Atrium
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
113
superior vena cava gets blood from where
head/neck
upper limbs
114
inferior vena cava gets blood from where
trunk
lower limbs
115
coronary sinus gets blood from where
heart wall
116
interatrial septum function
prevents mixing of blood
117
pectinate muscles function
aid contraction
118
fossa ovalis function
remnant of fetal circulation
(no function after birth)
119
what does the Tricuspid valve connect
R. Atrium and R. Ventricle
120
Tricuspid Valve structure
3 triangular cusps
open downward into R. Ventricle
121
Interventricular septum function
thick wall between R/L Ventricles
122
Trabeculae carnae structure
irregular muscular ridges
123
how many papillary muscles in R. Ventricle
3
124
chordae tendineae structure
thin strands of collagen fiber
attach to cusps of tricuspid valve
125
chordae tendineae function
prevents tricuspid valve from over-closing
126
Pulmonary semilunar valve divides
R. ventricle and pulmonary trunk
127
pulmonary semilunar valve function
opens upward into pulmonary trunk
128
pulmonary trunk function
carries deoxigenated blood from heart to lungs
129
pulmonary trunk splits into ___
right and left pulmonary trunk
130
Lungs function
gas exchange
oxygenate blood
131
pulmonary veins function
bring oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
132
pulmonary veins are the beginning/end of pulmonary circulation
end
133
L. Atrium is the beginning/end of systemic circulation
beginning
134
Bicuspid valve alternative names
mitral valve
Left AV Valve
135
Tricuspid valve alternative name
Right AV Valve
136
bicuspid valve structure
2 triangular cusps
137
R. Ventricle has a thick/thin wall
thick
138
how many papillary muscles does the R. Ventricle have
2
139
Aortic semilunar valve location
between L. Ventricle and Aorta
140
Coronary circulation function
heart's (mini) circulatory system
141
2 parts of coronary circulation function
coronary arteries
coronary veins
142
coronary arteries function
bring oxygenated blood to heart walls
143
coronary veins function
bring deoxygenated blood away from heart walls
144
How is the cardiac conduction system regulated
authorhythmic
145
autorhythmic cells function
repeatedly and rhythmically generate electrical impulses
146
where are electrical impulses initiated from in the cardiac conduction system
sinoatrial node (SA Node)
147
SA Node function
sets rhythm for heart contraction
(natural pacemaker)
148
Cardiac System Pathway
1) SA Node create electrical impulse
2) both atria(atrial contraction)
3) Atrioventricular Node
4) AV Bundle
5) R/L bundle branches
6) Purkinje Fibers(ventricular contraction)
149
Atrioventricular Node function
briefly holds the electrical impulse
150
AV Bundle alternative name
bundle of HIS
151
blood vessels function
carry blood to/away from heart
152
3 types of blood vessels
arteries
capillaries
veins
153
arteries function
carry freshly oxygenated blood away from heart
154
capillaries function
site of nutrient/waste exchange
155
veins function
carry blood to heart
156
arteries give rise to ___
capillaries
157
capillaries give rise to ___
veins
158
3 major layers of blood vessels
(internal -> external)
tunica interna
tunica media
tunica externa
159
tunica interna is/isnt in direct contact with blood
is
160
tunica media is/isn't in direct contact with blood
isn't
161
tunica externa is/isn't in direct conact with blood
isn't
162
3 layers of tunica interna
(innermost -> outermost)
endothelium
basement membrane
internal elastic membrane
163
Tunica media composition
smooth muscle
elastic fibers
164
function of smooth muscle in tunica media
constriction/dilation
165
function of elastic fibers in tunica media
stretch and recoil
166
tunica externa composition
areolar CT
167
as ARTERIES move blood away from heart:
DIAMETER ___
decreases
168
as ARTERIES move blood away from heart:
ELASTIC FIBERS ___
decrease
169
as ARTERIES move blood away from heart:
SMOOTH MUSCLE ___
increases
170
as ARTERIES move blood away from heart:
NUMBER ___
increases
171
as ARTERIES move blood away from heart:
BLOOD PRESSURE ___
decreases
172
3 types of arteries
(closest -> farthest from heart)
elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles
173
elastic arteries anatomy
largest
thin vessel wall
thick tunica media(many elastic fibers)
174
elastic arteries function
propel blood forward while ventricles relax
175
muscular arteries anatomy
medium size
thick walls
tunica media(smooth muscle)
176
muscular arteries function
distributing arteries
177
Arterioles anatomy
smallest artery(not BV)
tunica media(smallest and thinnest)
178
arterioles function
control blood flow to capillaries
179
there are many/few capillaries
many
180
capillaries function
site of nutrient waste/exchange
181
capillary structure
only tunica interna
(1 layer of endothelium + basement memb.)
182
Capillary beds
network of capillaries
183
functional unit of the circulatory system
capillary beds
184
precapillary sphinctors tissue type
smooth muscle cells
185
what happens when precapillary sphinctors are relaxed
open - blood flows into capillary
186
what happens when precapillary sphinctors are contracted
closed - prevents blood flow into capillary
187
throughfare channel
connects metarteriole to postcapillary venule
188
mitrocirculation
metarteriole -> capillaries -> postcapillary venule
189
3 types of capillaries
continuous
fenestrated
sinusoid
190
continuous capillaries tissue type
simple squamous cells
191
how are continuous capillaries connected
tight junctions
192
identifying feature of fenestrated capillaries
small holes
193
function of fenestrated capillaries
allow fluid exchange
194
identifying feature of sinusoid capillaries
gaps
195
function of sinusoid capillaries
transport large molecules/cells
196
portal system function
passes blood from one capillary network directly to another capillary network
197
example of portal system
hepatic portal system
198
veins functions
drain capillaries
return blood to heart
blood resovoirs
199
veins go with/against gravity
against
200
2 types of veins
(smallest -> largest)
venules
veins
201
venules are the companion of ___
arterioles
202
postcapillary venules function
recieve blood from capillaries
203
veins are the companion of ___
muscular/elastic arteries
204
veins have thin/thick walls
thin
205
veins must work with/against low pressure
against
206
How do veins overcome gravity/low pressure
valves
skeletal muscle pump
207
valves function(s)
prevent blood pooling
close -> stop blood from moving down
208
skeletal muscle pump function(s)
1) skeletal muscle contracts(enlarges)
2) veins vasoconstrict
3) decreased volume
4) increased pressure
5) push blood up to next valve
209
Vascular (venous) sinus anatomy
thin endothelial wall
no smooth muscle
210
superficial veins anatomy
subcutaneous tissue
211
deep veins anatomy
below fascia, between skeletal muscles
212
Fetal circulation
circulatory system of fetus
213
placenta role in fetal circulation
allows exchange of materials between fetal and maternal circulation
214
umbilical vein role in fetal circulation
brings blood to fetal heart
215
umbilical arteries role in fetal circulation
bring blood from fetus to placenta
216
why is fetal circulation necess
fetus doesn't have:
1) access to air
2) functional lungs
3) fully functional digestive/urinary systems
217
Pathogen
disease-causing microbe
218
2 types of immunity
innate
adaptive
219
innate immunity
defenses present at birth
220
qualities of innate immunity
rapid response
non-specific
no memory response
221
adaptive immunity
defenses aquired after birth
222
qualities of adaptive immunity
slower response
specific
memory response
223
lymphatic system
circulates body fluids and aids in immunity
224
functions of lymphatic system
drains excess interstitial fluid (into blood)
transports dietary lipids
production/maturation of lymphocytes
generates immune response
225
3 parts to generating immune responses
foreign antigens (cell name tag)
t lymphocytes (cellular response)
b lymphocytes (antibody production)
226
3 parts of lymphatic system
lymphatic fluid
lymphatic vessels
lymphatic organs
227
lymphatic fluid
clear fluid
228
lymphatic fluid composition
water
antibodies
lymphocytes
229
lymphatic capillaries
dead end vessels between cells
230
lymphatic capillaries are larger/smaller than blood capillaries
larger
231
fluid only flows in/out of lymphatic capillaries
in
232
anchoring filaments
shut door in lymphatic capillaries after fluid enters
233
specialized lymphatic capillaries in GI tract
lacteals
234
lacteal function
carry dietary lipids
235
lacteal color
creamy white - chyle
236
Lymphatic Vessels have thinner/thicker walls and more/less vales than veins
thicker
more
237
lymphatic vessels locations
skin's subcutaneous tissue
viscera (follow arteries, form plexuses)
238
lymphatic vessels function
carry lymphatic fluid to lymph nodes
239
lymph nodes contain ___
T and B Lymphocytes
240
2 types of lymphatic vessels
afferent vessels
efferent vessels
241
afferent vessels
bring lymphatic fluid to lymph nodes
242
efferent vessels
exit lymph nodes
243
lymphatic trunks merge to form ___
lymphatic ducts
244
jugular trunks
drain lymphatic fluid from head and neck
245
subclavian trunks
drain lymphatic fluid from upper lymbs
246
bronchomediastinal trunks
drain lymphatic fluid from thoracic wall, lung, and heart
247
lumbar trunks
drain lymphatic fluid from lower limbs, pelvis, kidneys, and abdominal wall
248
intestinal trunk
drain lymphatic fluid from intestines, stomach, pancreas, and spleen
249
right lymphatic duct
drain lymphatic fluid into junction of R. internal jugular vein and R. subclavian vein
250
thoracic duct
drain lymphatic fluid into junction of L internal jugular vein and L subclavian vein
251
lymphatic fluid flows as result of
respiratory pump
skeletal muscle pump
252
how does a respiratory pump move lymphatic fluid
respiratory movements
253
how does a skeletal muscle pump move lymphatic fluid
skeletal muscle contractions
254
2 types of lymphatic organs
primary lymphatic organs
secondary lymphatic organs
255
primary lymphatic organs are where immune cells ___
are produced
become immunocompetant
256
2 primary lymphatic organs
Red bone marrow
thymus
257
red bone marrow location
epiphyses of long bones
258
red bone marrow function
hemopoiesis
259
where do B lymphocytes mature
red bone marrow
260
thymus location
superior mediastinum
261
thymus function
T lymphocyte maturation
262
what atrophies with age
thymus
263
how many lobes does the thymus have
2
264
inward extension of connective tissue capsule surrounding lobes of thymus
trabeculae
265
what do trabeculae divide into
lobules
266
lobules of the thymus
outer cortex
inner medulla
267
cells of thymic lobule outer cortex
immature T lymphocytes
dentritic cells
epithelial cells
thymic hormones
macrophages
268
cells of thymic lobule inner medulla
mature T lymphocytes
epithelial cells
macrophages
269
where do immune cells function
secondary lymphatic organs
270
2 secondary lymphatic organs
spleen
lymph nodes
271
spleen location
left hypochondriac region
272
spleen function
combs blood for pathogens
273
white pulp of spleen composition
white blood cells
274
white pulp of spleen function
immune responses
275
red pulp of spleen composition
red blood cells
platelets
white blood cells
276
red pulp of spleen function
dispose of old red blood cells
platelet storage
hemopoiesis in fetus
277
shape of lymph nodes
bean-shaped
278
many clusters of lymph nodes are found in ___
axillary region
inguinal region
cervical region
279
lymphatic nodules
clusters of B lymphocytes
280
germinal center contains
b lymphocytes
dentritic cells
macrophages
281
inner cortex of lymph node contains
t lymphocytes
dentritic cells
282
medulla of lymph node contains
b cells
plasma cells
macrophages
283
flow of lymphatic fluid through lymph node
afferent lymphatic vessel
subscapular sinus
trabecular sinus
medullary sinus
efferent lymphatic vessel
284
other locations of lymphatic nodules
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
tonsils
285
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
lymphatic nodules lining mucous membranes of:
GI tract
urinary/genital tracts
intestinal tract
286
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue in GI Tract
peyer's patches
287
tonsils location
in pharynx
288
tonsils function
trap inhaled/ingested pathogens
289
3 types of tonsils
pharyngeal
palatine
lingual
