FINAL!!!! Flashcards
(611 cards)
1
Q
What is the definition of microbiology?
A
specialized area of biology that deals with living things too small to be seen with the naked eye.
2
Q
What is the study of bacteria?
A
bacteriology
3
Q
what is the study of vises?
A
virology
4
Q
what is the study of fungi?
A
mycology
5
Q
what is the study of algae?
A
phycology
6
Q
what is the study of protozoa?
A
protozoology
7
Q
what is the study of helminths?
A
parasitology
8
Q
what is bacteria measured in?
A
micrometers
9
Q
what are viruses measured in?
A
nanometers
10
Q
what is spontaneous generation?
A
living things appear from nonliving matter
11
Q
what is biogenesis?
A
living things arise from other living things of the same kind
12
Q
What did Anthony van Leeuwenhoek contribute to microbiology?
A
Invented the first handheld microscope.
Father of bacteriology and protozoology
13
Q
What did Louis Pasteur contribute to microbiology?
A
- disproved spontaneous generation
- pasteurization
- germ theory of disease
14
Q
What did Robert Koch contribute to microbiology?
A
- verified germ theory of disease
- Koch’s postulates
- developed lab techniques
15
Q
what etiological agent did Robert Koch use in his experiments?
A
Bacilus anthracis (anthrax)
16
Q
what is a pathogen?
A
an organism that can cause disease in a normal healthy individual
17
Q
what is normal flora?
A
microbes that normally live in or on a human and do not normally cause disease
18
Q
what is taxonomy?
A
formal system for organizing, classifying and naming living things
19
Q
what is the order of the taxa?
A
Did Popeye come over for green spinach Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
20
Q
What is the domain bacteria?
A
prokaryotic; true bacteria
21
Q
what is domain archaea?
A
prokaryotic; bacteria that lives in extreme environments
22
Q
what is domain eukarya?
A
eukaryotic; has a nucleus and organelles
23
Q
what are the five I’s?
A
Innoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Information gathering Identification
24
Q
what is inoculation?
A
introduce bacteria into media using a loop or needle
25
what is incubation?
heating the media at 37 degrees allowing bacteria to grow
26
what is isolation?
isolate a single colony to obtain a pure culture
27
what is a pure culture?
one microbe growing on the culture media
28
what is a mixed culture?
more than one microbe growing on the culture media
29
what are the three types of media?
liquid
semisolid
solid
30
which type of media has the most agar?
solid
31
where is agar derived from?
red algae gelidium
32
who first used agar?
fanny hesse robert koch's assistant's wife
33
what is the difference between simple and differential stains?
a simple stain only uses one dye and distinguishes cell shape arrangement and size. Differential uses two dyes and distinguishes cell types or parts
34
What is the primary stain?
first stain you use
35
what is a counter stain?
the second stain you use
36
what stain did hans christian gram invent?
the gram stain
37
who developed the petri dish?
richard petri
38
What are the three basic bacterial shapes?
coccus
bacillus
spiral or curved shape
39
what is the atypical shape?
pleomorphic rods
40
what are pleomorphic rods?
cells of the same species vary in shape and size
41
what are the three spiral shapes?
vibrio
spirillum
spirochete
42
what is vibrio?
comma shaped
43
what is spirillum?
rigid spiral or helix shape. Cells do not bend; amphitricious
44
what is spirochette?
flexible spring shape; endoflagella
45
what is a single coccus?
single round cell
46
what is diplococcus?
two round cells
47
what is streptococcus?
chain of round cells
48
what is staphylococcus:?
cluster of round cells
49
what is a tetrad?
packet of four round cells
50
what is a sarcina?
cube of 8 or 16 round cells
51
what is a single bacillus?
one oblong cell
52
what is a diplobacillus?
two oblong cells
53
what is a streptobacillus?
chain of oblong cells
54
what is a palisade?
match sticks or picket fence of oblong cells
55
Motile bacteria will
flip, rotate, and go straight (run and tumble)
56
Non motile bacteria will:
vibrate (Brownian's movement)
57
what are fimbriae?
many short hairs used for attachment to the environment
58
what are pili?
a single, long, hollow appendage used for attachement to another bacteria to exchange DNA during conjugation
59
What is comprised of the cell envelope?
cell wall
| cell membrane
60
what is the glycocaylyx?
a coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of sugars and proteins
61
Do all cells have a glycocaylyx?
no
62
what is the function of the glycocaylyx?
to allow cell to adhere to the environment
63
what is the function of the cell wall?
to determine the shape and prevent lysis due to changing osmotic pressures
64
what is the major molecule in the cell wall?
peptidoglycan layer
65
Gram positive bacteria?
thick peptidoglycan layer
teichoic acid
no outer membrane
66
Gram negative bacteria:
thin peptidoglycan layer
no teichoic acid
outer membrane exteranal to the cell wall
67
what is the cell membrane composed of?
phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
68
what is the primary function of the cell membrane?
selectively allows passage of molecules into and out of the cell
69
what are the two types of DNA found in the nucleoid?
chromosome
| plasmid
70
what is a chromosome?
single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that contains all of the genetic information required of the cell
71
what is a plasmid?
Free, small, circular, double stranded DNA that is very important to bacterial resistance
72
what is the function of a plasmid?
genetic engineering--readily manipulated and transfered from cell to cell
73
what is the function of a ribosome?
it is the site of protein synthesis
74
what is the function of endospores?
when exposed to adverse environments, it is capable of high resistance and long term survival
75
what are the six environmental factors that effect microbes existance?
```
nutrients
osmotic pressure
temp
pH
gas
other organisms
```
76
what are macronutrients?
required in large quantities and play principle roles in cell structure and metabolism
77
what are micronutrients?
required in smaller amounts for enzyme function and maintenece of protein structure
78
what are some examples of macronutrients?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfer
79
what are some examples of micronutrients?
calcium, sodium, potassium, zinc, copper, nickel
80
what are some examples of passive transport?
diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
81
what is diffusion?
net movement of solute molecules from their area of higher concentration to lower concentration
82
what is facilitated diffusion?
the movement of larger solute molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration with the help of a transport protein
83
what is osmosis?
net movement of water molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration
84
what are some examples of active transport?
active transport and bulk transport
85
what is active transport?
the movement of solute molecules from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration with the help of a membrane protein pump
86
what is bulk transport
endocytosis and exocytosis
87
what is endocytosis?
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
88
what is phagocytosis?
cell eating
89
what is pinocytosis?
cell drinking
90
what is exocytosis?
things move out of the cell
91
what is a halophile?
lives in high salt environment
92
what is an osmophile?
lives in high concentration of several solutes
93
what is a psycrophile?
-15-20 degrees celcius
94
what is a mesophile?
10-50 degrees celcius
95
what is a thermophile?
45 to 80 degrees celcius
96
what is a hyperthermophile?
67 to 105 degrees
97
what is a neutrophile?
pH 6-8
98
what is a acidophile?
pH 0-2
99
what is a alkalinophile?
pH 8-11
100
what is an aerobe?
requires oxygen for growth
101
what is a microaerophile?
requires less oxygen than is found in air
102
what is a falcutative anaerobe?
grows with or without oxygen
103
what is an aerotolerant anaerobe?
does not use oxygen for growth; can tolerate oxygen
104
what is a strict anaerobe?
dies in the presence of oxygen
105
what are the four parts of the growth curve?
lag phase
exponential phase
stationary phase
death phase
106
what is the lag phase?
no rise in the number of cells
107
what is the exponential phase?
cells divide at maximun rate
108
what is the stationary phase?
growth=death
109
what is the death phase?
cell death is greater than cell growth
110
what is binary fission?
the bacteria's way of asexual division
111
what is metabolism?
all chemical and physical workings of a cell
112
what are the two types of chemical reactions?
catabolism and anabolism
113
what is cataboliasm?
breaks the bonds of larger molecules forming smaller molecules; releases energy
114
what is anabolism?
synthesis; forms larger molecules from smaller molecules; requires ATP
115
what is the biological catalyst?
the enzyme composed of protein
116
what are coenzymes?
NAD and FAD
117
when carrying their electrons, NAD is rewritten as
NADH
118
when carrying their electrons, FAD is rewritten as
FADH
119
NAD and FAD will carry their electrons in the form of
two hydrogen atoms
120
what are the three paths of aerobic respiration?
glycolysis
Kreb's cycle
respiratory chain
121
what are the three paths of anaerobic respiration?
glycolysis
Kreb's cycle
respiratory chain
122
what are the paths of fermentation?
glycolysis
123
what is glycolysis?
9 chemical reactions in a branched pathway
124
does glycolysis need oxygen?
no
125
what is the starting molecule of glycolysis?
glucose
126
what is the product of glycolysis?
2 pyruvic acids
127
what is the energy used in glycolysis?
2 ATP
128
what is energy made during glycolysis?
4 ATP
| 2NADH
129
what is the net energy of glycolysis?
2 ATP
| 2 NADH
130
where does glycolysis occur?
the cytoplasm
131
what is kreb's cycle?
9 chemical reactions occuring in a cycle pathway.
| occurs in the cytoplasm
132
what is the starting molecule for Kreb's?
2 pyruvic acid
133
what is the product of Kreb's?
6 CO2
134
what is the energy used during Kreb's?
none
135
what is the energy made during Kreb's?
8 NADH
2 FADH
2ATP
136
what is the net energy of Kreb's?
8 NADH
2 FADH
2 ATP
137
what is the electon transport chain?
linear shaped pathway that occurs in the cell membrane
138
what is the exchange rate for coenzymes in the electron transport chain?
1 NADH = 3 ATP
| 1 FADH = 2 ATP
139
what is the final electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration?
several possibilities but never oxygen
140
what is the total energy made during aerobic respiration?
38 ATP
141
what is the total energy made during anaerobic respiration?
less than 38 ATPs
142
what is the total energy made during fermentation?
small amount of ATP
143
does fermentation need oxygen?
no
144
what are some fermentative products?
sacchromyces cereviseae
lactobacillus acidopholus
acetobacterium
propionibacterium
145
what is sacchromyces cereviseae?
CO2+ethanol; used to make bread and adult beverages
146
what is lactobacillus acidophilus?
lactic acid; used to make yogurt and buttermilk
147
what is acetobacterium?
acetic acid; used to make dill pickles and sauerkraut
148
what is propionibacterium?
propionic acid; used to make swiss cheese
149
what DNA is replicated by rolling circle?
plasmid during conjugation
150
what DNA is replicated during replicon?
chromosome during binary fission
151
what is a spontaneous mutation?
a random change in the DNA arising from mistakes in replication
152
what are induced mutations?
exposure to known mutagens
153
what are mutagens?
any chemical or radiation that causes changes in DNA
154
what is a beneficial mutation?
creates an advantage for the microbe
155
what is a neutral mutation?
no significant change
156
what is a harmful mutation?
creates a disadvantage for the microbe
157
what is a lethal mutation?
kills the microbe
158
what is conjugation?
donor transfers plasmid through pilus
159
what is transformation?
chromosome fragements from a lysed cell are accepted by a recipient cell
160
who had a classic experiment with transformation?
frederick griffin
161
what is transduction?
involves a virus picking up a bacterial donor's DNA and transferring it to a recipient bacterium
162
what is a bacteriophage?
type of virus that only affects bacteria
163
what is transposons?
DNA segments that have the capability of moving from one location in the genome to another (jumping genes)
164
who discovered transposons?
barbara mclintock
165
what is the hardest microbial structure to kill?
endospores
166
what is an anitseptic?
chemicals applied to directly exposed body surfaces to inhibit bacterial growth
167
what is a disinfectant?
physical process or chemical agent that kills vegetative cells but not endospores
168
what is a sterilant?
kills all viable microorganisms
169
what is a virucide?
kills or inactivates viruses
170
what is a bactericide?
kills bacteria but not endospores
171
what is a fungicide?
kills hypae, yeasts and fungal spores
172
what is a sporocide?
kills endospores
173
what is a germicide?
kills pathogenic organisms on animate and inanimate objects
174
what is bacteriostatic?
prevents the growth of bacteria
175
what is fungistatic?
prevents the growth of fungi
176
what are the areas of the bacterial structure on which agents can kill the microbe?
cell wall
cell membrane
nucleic acid synthesis
alter protein structure
177
what are the physical antimicrobial agents?
```
heat
cold
desiccation
radiation
filtration
```
178
what are tht two types of heat?
dry
| moist
179
what are some examples of moist heat?
autoclaving
intermittent sterilization
pasteurization
180
what is autoclaving?
a type of sterilization that uses steam under pressure in a specialized chamber
181
what is intermittent sterilization?
a type of disinfectant created by John Tyndall where the specimen is exposed to free flowing steam over a course of three days
182
what is pasteurization?
involves special vats to heat liquid quickly to reduce the microbial load
183
what are the three methods of pasteurization?
batch
flash
ultrahigh temperature
184
what is boiling water?
type of disinfection that uses a bath for 30 min
185
what are some examples of dry heat?
dry oven
| incineration
186
what is dry oven?
type of sterilization
| 2-4 hours at 150-180
187
what is incineration?
type of sterilization
| bunsen burners or furnace incinerators
188
what is the cold method?
slows the gorwth of microorganisms
| refrigeration and freezing
189
what is the dessication method?
gradual removal of water from cells
| not an effective method because cells will regrow when water is reintroduced
190
what is the radiation method?
causes mutations
| ionizing or noniionizing
191
what is ionizing radiation?
penetrates barriers
192
what is nonionizing radiation?
does not penetrate barriers
193
what is the filtration method?
straining liquid or air through a filter
| type of sterilization
194
what are halogens?
chlorine
iodine
fluorine
bromine
195
what is chlorine?
liquid and gas used for large scale disinfectant of drinking water, swimming pools, restarants, canning, wounds and root canals
196
what is an example of chlorine?
chlorox
197
what is iodine?
iodophor
tincture iodine
aqueous iodine
198
what is iodophor?
betadine and povidone
199
what is tincture iodine?
2-3% iodine in 70% alcohol
200
what is aqueous iodine?
2-3% iodine in water
201
what is iodine used for?
skin prep, burns, vaginal infections, surgical hand scrubbing, disinfect equipment
202
what is fluorine?
used in toothpaste and drinking water
203
what is bromine?
used in hot tubs
204
what is phenol?
originally used by Joseph Lister. Used in antibacterial soaps and disinfectants.
205
what are some examples of phenol?
pHisoHex
lysol
triclisan
206
what is chlorohexidine?
chlorine and two phenolic rings; cleanser of choice for MRSA
207
what are some examples of chlorohexidine?
hibiclens
| hibitane
208
what are alcohols?
have OH functional group. reduces microbes on skin, thermometers, hand sanitizers
209
what do we use to disinfect our lab tables?
70% ethanol
210
what is hydrogen peroxide?
colorless caustic liquid that decomposes in the presence of light or metals.
211
what are aldehydes?
glutaradehyde
| formaldehyde
212
what is glutaradehyde?
yellow acidic liquid used in a chemiclave that kills endospores.
213
what are some examples of a glutaraldehyde?
cidex and sporacidin
214
what is formaldehyde?
gas that dissolves to form formalin; main ingredient in embalming fluid
215
what are some gaseous agents?
ethylene oxide
| chlorine dioxide
216
what is ethylene oxide?
highly explosive gas classified as a carcinogen that sterilizes prepackaged plastic medical supplies and disinfects spices, dried fruits, and drugs
217
what is chlorine dioxide?
gas that was used to decontaminate the senate offices after the anthrax attacks in 2001
218
what are some heavy metals?
mercury, silver and zinc
219
what is mercury used for?
mercurochrome
| merthiolate
220
what is mercuochrome?
monkey's blood
221
what is merthiolate?
thimerosal
222
what is silver?
silver nitrate in newborns
| siver sulfadiazine in burn patients
223
what is zinc?
zinc oxide in bourdeaux's butt paste
224
what are the best detergents?
quaternary ammonium compounds
225
what is the most common detrgent?
benzalkonium chloride
226
what are some common soaps?
sodium lauryl sulfate
227
what is a chemotheraputic agent?
any chemical used in the treatment of a disease
228
what is an antibiotic?
metabolic product of one microorganism that inhibits or destroys other microorganism
229
what are the most prolific producers of antibiotics?
bacteria and molds
230
what are the three ways an antibiotic is produced?
natural, semisynthetic and synthetic
231
what are the mechanisms of action of chemotheraputic drugs?
```
cell wall
cell membrane
protein synthesis
nucleic acid
cytoplasm
```
232
what does penicillin consist of?
thiazolidine ring
beta-lactam ring
variable side chain
233
what are the primary problems of penicillin?
allergy and resistance
234
what are cephlasporins?
four generations that consist of a six carbon ring, beta-lactam ring, and two variable side chains
235
what are first generation cephlasporins?
cephalothin, cefazolin
236
what are first generation cephlasporins used to treat
gram-positive cocci
237
what are second generation cephlasporins?
cefaclor, cefonacid
238
what are second generation cephlasporins used to treat?
gram-negative bacteria
239
what are third generation cephlasporins?
cephalexin, ceftriaxone
240
what are third generation cephlasporins used to treat?
broad spectrum against enteric bacteria with beta-lactamases
241
what are fourth generation cephlasporins?
cefepime
242
what are fourth generation cephlasporins used to treat?
both gram negative and gram positive
243
what are tetracyclines?
broad spectrum drug produced by streptomyces
244
what are some examples of tetracycline?
doxycycline
| minocycline
245
what are the primary problems with tetracycline?
GI disruption, staining of teeth, fetal bone development
246
what are aminoglycosides?
broad-spectrum, inhibit protein synthesis, useful against aerobic gram negative rods
247
what are some examples of aminoglycosides?
streptomycin
gentamycin
tobramycin
neomycin
248
what are the primary problems of aminoglycosides?
diarrhea, hearing loss, dizziness, kidney damage
249
what is nystatin?
fungal drug used topically or orally for treatment of yeast infections
250
what is amphotericin B?
most versatile and effective type of antifungal drug (gold standard)
251
what is acyclovir?
viral drug used to treat herpes infections
252
what is azidothymidine?
AZT viral drug used to treat AIDS
253
what is a superinfection?
infection caused by overgrowth of drug resistant bacteria
254
what is a nosocomial infection?
an infection incurred while being treated in a hospital
255
what is a true pathogen?
any agent capable of causing disease in a healthy person with a healthy immune system
256
what is an opportunistic pathogen?
one that invades the tissues when body defenses are suppressed
257
what is an infection
condition in which pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the hosts defenses, enter tissue and multiply
258
what is disease?
deviation from health due to malfunction of a tissue or organ caused by microbes
259
what is virulent?
the degree of pathogenicity of a parasite
260
what is avirulent?
lacking the ability to cause disease
261
what is a mixed infection?
several agents establish a simultaneous infection
262
what is a primary infection?
initial infection
263
what is a secondary infection?
second infection
264
what is a localized infection?
microbe confined to a specific tissue
265
what is a systemic infection?
pathogen spreads to many sites or systems
266
where would you find normal flora?
most areas of the body in contact with the outside environment
267
where would you not find normal flora?
internal organs, tissues, fluids
268
what is the route of a pathogen?
```
portal of entry
infectious dose
virulence factors
establish in organs
disease
portal of exit
```
269
what is the portal of entry?
site at which the parasite enters the host. Most microbes have a specific portal
270
what is the infectious dose?
minimum number of microbes needed to cause disease
271
what are the mechanisms of adhesion?
fimbriae, flagella, glycocalyx, cilia, suckers, hooks, barbs and spikes
272
what are virulence factors?
```
adhesion
exoenzyme
exotoxin
endotoxin
antibiotic resistance
antiphagotic factors
```
273
what are virulence factors used for?
tissue penetration
274
what is adhesion?
binding between specific molecules on host and pathogen at the portal of entry
275
what is tissue penetration?
exoenzymes
276
what are exoenzymes?
enzymes that chemically break down the host's barriers and promote the spread of microbes to deeper tissues
277
what are some examples of exoenzymes?
mucinase
keratinase
collagenase
hyaluronidase
278
what is mucinase?
dissolves muccous coating
279
what is keratinase?
dissolves keratin of the skin or hair
280
what is collagenase?
dissolves collagen
281
what is hyaluronidase?
digests hyaluronic acid
282
what is exotoxin?
protein secreted that goes to the target tissue
283
what are some examples of exotoxin?
hemotoxins
enterotoxins
neurotoxins
cytotoxins
284
what are hemotoxins?
lyse blood cells
285
what are enterotoxins?
affect intestinal tissue
286
what are neurotoxins?
affectnerve tissue
287
what are cytotoxins?
affect general tissues
288
what is endotoxin?
part of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls. Only released when microbe is damaged or falling apart. Causes systemic effects like septic shock
289
what is antibiotic resistance?
genes that allow the microbe to avoid destruction by an antibiotic
290
what are antiphagotic factors?
used to avoid phagocytosis
291
what is an example of an antiphagotic factor?
leukocidins--toxic to white blood cells
292
what makes phagocytosis difficult?
slime layer or capsule
293
what is establishment in target organs?
microbes settle in their target organ of choice and continue to cause damage at the site
294
what is portal of exit?
pathogens depart by a specific avenue many times the same as portal of entry
295
what are some examples of portal of exit?
```
respiratory droplets
skin scales
fecal
urogenital
blood
```
296
what are the classic stages of clinical infection?
incubation period
prodromal stage
period of invasion
convalescent period
297
what is the incubation period?
time from initial contact and the appearance of first symptoms . Agent is multiplying but damage doesn't cause symtoms
298
what is the prodromal stage?
earliest symptoms of infection
299
what is the period of invasion?
microbe multiplies at highest rate and is well established in target tissue
300
what is the convalescent period?
immune system overpowers the microbe, symptoms begin to fade, strength returns and body goes back to normal
301
what is a communicable disease?
contagious
302
what is a noncommunicable disease?
not contagious
303
what is immunology?
the study of all biological, chemical, and physical events surronding the function of the immune system
304
what is part of the immune system?
every organ, tissue and fluid
305
what are the four major subdivisions of the immune system?
reticuloendothelial system
extracellular fluid
bloodstream
lymphatic system
306
what is the reticuloendothelial system?
connective tissue fibers that interconnect other cells and meshes with the connective tissue network of surrounding organs
307
what inhabits the reticuloendothelial system?
mononuclear phagocyte system
308
what is the mononuclear phagocyte system?
macrophages ready to attack and ingest microbes that pass the first line of defense
309
what is hemopoiesis?
production of blood cells
310
what are stem cells?
undifferentiated cells; precurser of new blood cells
311
what are leukocytes?
white blood cells
312
what are some types of leukocytes?
granulocytes
agranulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes and macrophages
313
what are granulocytes?
lobed nucleus
314
what are some types of granulocytes?
neutophils
eosinophils
basophils
mast cells
315
what are neutrophils?
55-90% of leukocytes
| phagocytes
316
what are eosinophils?
1-3% of leukocytes
| they destroy eukaryotic pathogens
317
what are basophils?
0.5% of leukocytes
| they release hystamine
318
what are mast cells?
nonmotile elements bound to connective tissue
319
what are agranulocytes?
unlobed, rounded nucleus
320
what are lymphocytes?
20-35%of leukocytes
| they have a specific immune response
321
what are some examples of lymphocytes?
B and T cells
322
what do B cells do?
produce antibodies
323
what do T cells do?
modulate immune functions and kill foreign cells
324
what are monocytes and macrophages?
3-7% of leukocytes
| largest of WBCs witha kidney-shaped nucleus. phagocytic
325
what are macrophages?
final differentiation of monocytes
326
what are dendrite cells?
trap pathogens and participate in immune reactions
327
what is the first line of defense?
physical barrier
mechanical barrier
chemical barrier
genetic barrier
328
what is a physical barrier?
if intact, microbes cannot pentrate
329
what is an example of a physical barrier?
skin
| mucous membrane
330
what is a mechanical barrier?
movement of cilia, flushing with urine or feces, blinking, coughing sneezing
331
what is a chemical barrier?
lysosyme, acid, salt, hydrochloric acid, digestive juices
332
what are genetic barriers?
many microbes will only infect specifc species (ex Parvo)
333
what is the second line of defense?
```
inflammation
phagocytosis
compplement system
fever
interferon
natural killer cells
```
334
what is inflammation?
redness
warmth
swelling
pain
335
what is redness?
rubor- increased circulation and vasodialation
336
what is warmth?
calor- heat given off by increased blood flow
337
what is swelling?
tumor- increased fluid escaping into the tissue as blood vessels dialate. prevents the spread of infection
338
what is pain?
dolor-stimulation of nerve endings
339
what are the major events of inflammation?
injury
vascular reactions
edema
resolution/scar formation
340
what is injury?
cytokines released by tissue cells; vasoconstriction
341
what is vascular reaction?
vasodialation and seepage of fluid out of vessels
342
what is edema?
infiltration of neutrophils and accumulation of pus
343
what is resolution/scar formation?
macrophages clean up; tissue is repaired
344
what is diapedesis?
migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues
345
what a chemotaxis?
migration in response to specific chemicals at the site of injury or infection
346
what are cytokines?
chemical mediators that regulate, stimulate and limit immune reactions. Produced by WBCs
347
what are some examples of cytokines?
histamine
interleukin 1
interleukin 2
348
what is histamine?
produced during inflammation and allergy it causes vasodialation and increased permeability
349
what is interleukini 1?
produced by macrophages it stimulates T and B cells
350
what is interleukin 2?
produced by helper T cells, it stimulates T and B cells
351
what are the general activities of phagocytes?
survey tissue compartments and discover microbes, to ingest and eliminate these microbes, to extract immunogenetic information from foreign matter
352
what do neutrophils do?
general-purpose; react early to bacteria and damaged tissue
353
what do eosinophils do?
attracted to sites of parasitic infections and antigen-antibody reactions
354
what do macrophages do?
scavenge and process foreign substances to prepare them for reactions with B and T cells
355
what are toll-like receptors?
protein receptors within the cell membrane of macrophages
356
what are PAMPs?
pathogen-associated patterns
357
what are teh aspects of the third line of defense?
antigen processing cell
helper t cell activation
b cell activation
cytotoxic t cell activation
358
what is the antigen processing and presenting stage?
microbes enering the body are recognozed by immune system cells
359
what is the antigen presenting cell (APC) of the body?
the macrophage
360
what is the function of the macrophage?
to engulf the microbe, digest it and put a part of the microbe on its surface to present to the lymphocyte
361
antigen presentation involves a direct collaboration among:
an APC and a T helper cell
362
interleukin 1 is secreted:
by APC to activate helper T cells
363
interleukin 2 is produced by:
helper T cells to activate B and T cells
364
what are the two steps that activate helper T cell?
physical stimulus and chemical stimulus
365
what is the physical stimulus that activates helper T cells?
physcial contact between helper T and APC
366
what is the chemical stimulus that activates helper T cells?
APC secretes interleukin 1
367
During B cell activation and antibody production,
the Bcell phagocytizes and processes the microbe.
368
what is the physical stimulus that activates B cells?
physical contact between B cell and helper T cell
369
what is the chemical stimulus that activates b cells?
helper t secretes cytokine (interleukin 2)
370
Activated B cell undergoes change and produces two types of cells:
plasma cell
| memory b cell
371
what is plasma cell?
produces antibodies
372
what is memory b cell?
lives long term in the lymph tissue and is activated when a subsequent exposure occurs.
373
what is the physical stimulus that activates cytotoxic T cell?
APC contacts cytotoxic T cell with antigen
374
what is the chemical stimulus that activates cytotoxic T cells?
helper T cell secretes interleukin 2
375
activated cytotoxic t cell produces
killer t cells
| memory t cells
376
memory cells are needed for
long term immunity
377
what is natural active immunity?
getting the infection
378
what is natural passive immunity?
mother to child
379
what is artificial passive immunity?
immunotherapy
380
what is artificial active immunity?
vaccination
381
staphylococcus aureus causes which diseases?
staphylococcal food poisoning
staphylococal scalded skin syndrome
toxic shock syndrome
382
what is staphylococal food poisoning?
food intoxication acquired by contaminated food
383
what are the symptoms of staphylococcal food poisoning?
vomitting, diarrhea, cramps
384
what is staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?
disease aquired in the newborn by infection of umbilical cord or stump
385
what are the symptoms of SSSS?
painful, bright red flush over the entire body. Flush will blister and disconnect epidermis
386
what is toxic shock syndrome?
caused by women using tampons
387
what are the symptoms of toxic shock syndrome?
sudden high fever, sunburn-like rash
388
what localized diseases does streptococcus pyrogenes cause?
pyoderma
erysipelas
necrotizing fascitis
pharyngitis
389
what is pyoderma?
impetigo; contagious among preschool and school aged children
390
what are the symptoms of pyoderma?
burning, iotching, papules that form into highly contagious crusts
391
what are the symptoms of erysipelas?
reddened areas
392
what are the symptoms of necratizing fascitis?
raised red area around the cut or scrape, fever, pain and swelling (flesh eating disease)
393
what are the symptoms of pharyngitis?
redness of throat, edema, pain, fever, headache, nausea
394
what are some systemic diseases caused by streptococcus pyrogenes?
scarlet fever
pneumonia
TSS
395
what is scarlet fever?
usually occurs after strep throat due to the pyrogenic toxin or erythrogenic toxin
396
what are the symptoms of scarlet fever?
high fever, bright red rash over the face, trunk, inner arms and legs and tongue that lasts ten days
397
what is TSS caused by streptococcus pyrogenes?
produces toxic shock syndrome toxin. symptoms are more severe than staphylococcus TSS
398
what are some long term complications of streptococcus pyrogenes?
rheumatic fever
| acute glomerulonephritis
399
what are symptoms of rheumatic fever?
carditis, arthritis, nodules under the skin, fever
400
what is acute glomerulonephritis?
disease of the kidney and tubular epithelia caused by immune complex disposition in the kidney
401
what are the symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis?
low urine output, swelling of the hands and feet, increased blood pressure
402
what diseases does neisseria gonorrheae cause?
genital gonorrhea in males
genitourinary gonorrhea in females
gonococcal eye infections of the newborn
403
what are the symptoms of genital gonorrhea in men?
urethritis, painful urination, cloudy yellow discharge
404
what are the symptoms of genitourinary gonnorrhea in women?
painful urination, discharge could lead to PID
405
what are some extragenital complications of gonorrhea?
conjuctivitis
proctitis
pharyngitis
gingivitis
406
what is gonococcal eye infection of the newborn?
eye infection that can cause blindness
407
what is neisseria meningtidis?
causes meningitis
408
what are the symptoms of meningitis?
fever, strep throat, headache, stiff neck, vomitting, convulsions, coma
409
what are the vaccines for neisseria meningtidis?
menactra for ages 2-55
| menomume for older than 55
410
what diseases does bacillus anthracis cause?
cutaneous antrax
pulmonary anthrax
gastrointestinal anthrax
411
what are the symptoms of cutaneous anthrax?
small puple to form black eschar
412
what is pulmonary anthrax?
wool-sorter's disease
413
what are the symptoms of pulmonary anthrax?
fatigue, malaise, fever, aches, and cough, diffuculty breathing, shock
414
what are the symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax?
flu like symptoms, bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain
415
what is the vaccine for bacillus anthracis?
biothrax
416
what is clostridium perferinges?
causes gas gangrene
417
what are the symptoms of gas gangrene?
pain, edema, bloody exudate in lesion, fever, tachycardia, blackened tissue with gas bubbles
418
what is clostridum tetani?
causes tetanus or lockjaw
419
what are the symptoms of clostridum tetani?
clenching of jaw, arching of back, flexion of arms, death
420
what is the vaccine for clostridum tetani?
DTaP
421
what are the symptoms of clostridum difficle?
diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, patches of colon sloghs off
422
what diseases does clostridium botulinum cause?
botulism
| infant botulism
423
what are the symptoms of botulism?
double vision, difficulty swallowing and speaking, muscular paralysis and respiratory paralysis
424
what is the vaccine for clostridium botulinium?
none
425
what diseases does corynebacterium diptheriae cause?
diptheria
426
what are the symptoms of diptheria?
sore throat, nausea, vomitting, swollen lymph nodes, asphyxiation
427
what is the vaccine for corynebacterium diptheriae?
DTaP
428
what diseases does mycobacterium tuberculosis cause?
primary tuberculosis
secondary tuberculosis
dessimated tuberculosis
429
what are the symptoms of primary tuberculosis?
tubercle forms
430
what are the symptoms of secondary tuberculosis?
violent coughing, green or bloody sputum, fever, anorexia and weight loss
431
what are the symptoms of dissemated tuberculosis?
death
432
what is the vaccine for mycobacterium tuberculosis?
BCG vaccine
433
what diseases does mycobacterium leprae cause?
tuberculoid leprosy
| lepromateous leprosy
434
what are the symptoms of tuberculoid leprosy?
shallow lesions, damaged nerves
435
what are the symptoms of lepromatous leprosy?`
severe disfigurement in the face and extremities
436
what diseases does psedomonas aeruginosa cause?
rash, UTI, external ear infections, nosocomial infections
437
what are the symptoms of pseudomonas aeruginosa?
grapelike odor and greenish-blue pigment
438
what diseases does bordatella pertusis cause?
whooping cough
439
what are the symptoms of whooping cough?
nasal drainage, congestion, sneezing, cough
440
what is the vaccine for bordatella pertusis?
DTaP and boostrix
441
what diseases does legionella pneumophila cause?
legionaires disease
442
what are the two forms of legionaires disease?
pontiac fever
| legionairres pnemonia
443
what are the symptoms of pontiac fever?
rising fever, cough, diarrhea, abdominal pain
444
what are the symptoms of legionaires pneumonia?
same as pontiac but leads to pneumonia
445
what diseases does e. coli cause?
```
infantile diarrhea
traveller's diarrhea
urinary tract infections
bloody diarrhea illness
hemolytic uremic syndrome
```
446
what are the symptoms for infantile diarrhea?
nausea, vomitting, watery diarrhea, low grade fever in infants
447
what are the symptoms of travelers diarrhea?
nausea, vomitting, watery diarrhea, low grade fever in travelers
448
what are the symptoms of urinary tract infections?
increased frequency to urinate, bladder pressure, pain or burning among voiding
449
what are the symtpoms of bloody diarrheal illness?
mild gastroenteritis with fever or bloody diarrhea with fever
450
what are the symptoms of hemolytic uremic syndrome?
kidney damage and failure
451
what diseases does salmonella typhi cause?
thphoid fever
452
what are the symptoms of typhoid fever?
fever, diarrhea, abdomianal pain, ulcerations and perferation of the small intestine
453
what diseases does shigella dysentariae cause?
bacterial dysentary or shigellosis
454
what are the symptoms of shigella dysentariae?
crippling abdominal pain, frequent defecation of watery stool filled with blood and heavy mucous
455
what diseases does yersina pestis cause?
bublonic plague
pnemonic plague
septicemic plague
456
what are the symptoms of bublonic plague?
bubo develops, fever, chills, headache, weakness
457
what are the symptoms of the pnemonic plague?
fever, chills, cough, difficulty breathing, rapid shock and death
458
what are the symptoms of the septicemic plague?
fever, chills, prostration, abdominal pain , shock and bleeding into other organs. gangrene (black death)
459
what diseases does haemophilus influenzae cause?
acute bacterial meningitis
460
what are the symptoms of acute bacterial meningitis?
fever, vomitting, stiff neck, neurological impaiment, coma, death
461
what is teh vaccine for haemophilus influenzae?
Hib given with DTaP
462
what diseases does treponema pallidum cause?
primary syphilus
secondary syphilus
tertiary syphilus
463
what are the symptoms of primary syphilus?
appearnce of chancre at innoculation site
464
what are the symptoms of secondary syphilus?
rash forms on the skin, palms and soles. fever headache, sore throat
465
what are the symptoms of tertiary syphilus?
gummas develop
466
what diseases does borrelila burgdorferi cause?
lymes disease
467
what are the symptoms of lyme disease?
bulls eye rash, changes in the heartbeat, muscletone to one or both sides of the face are affected
468
what diseases does vibrio cholerae cause?
cholera
469
what are the symptoms of cholera?
vomitting, diarrhea, nausea, stomach cramps
470
what diseases does heliobacter pylori cause?
somach ulcers and cancer
471
what diseases does chlamydia trachomatis cause?
```
chlamydia
nongonococcal urethritis
PID
ocular trachoma
inclusion conjuctivitis
```
472
what are the symptoms of PID?
cervicitis, white drainage, inflammed tubes
473
what are the symptoms of ocular trachoma?
infection of the epithelial cells of eyelids, cornea damage
474
what are the symptoms of inclusion conjuctivitis?
eye infection of the newborn
475
what diseases does mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?
walking pneumonia
476
what are the symptoms of walking pneumonia?
fever, dore throat, headache, chest pain, earache
477
what diseases does rickettsia typhi cause?
typhus
478
what are the symptoms of typus?
fever, headache, mucle aches, malaise, rash that starts on the trunk and spreads to the extremities
479
what diseases does rickettsia rickettsii cause?
rocky mountain spotted fever
480
what are the symptoms of rocky mountain spotted fever?
fever, chills, headache, distinctive spotted rash
481
what diseases does bartonella henselae cause?
cat scratch disease
482
what are the symptoms of catscratch disease?
cluster of small pupules at the site, lymph nodes swell and become pus filled
483
what does the fungal pathogen histoplasma capsulatum cause
Spelunker's disease
484
what are the symptoms of spelunker's disease?
aches pain, coughing, fever, night sweats and weight loss
485
what does the fungal pathogen coccidioides immitis cause?
california disease
486
what are the symptoms of california disease?
cold like symptoms
487
what diseases does blastomyces dermatitidis cause?
chicago disease
488
what are the symptoms of chicago disease?
cough, chest pain, horseness and fever
489
what disease does the fungal pathogen sporothrix cause?
rose gardener's disease
490
what are the symptoms of rose gardener's disease?
hard, non-tender nodule at prick site.
491
what diseases does the fungal pathogen canida albicans cause?
oral thrush
vulvovaginal candidiasis
cutaneous candidiasis
diaper rash
492
what are the symptoms of oral thrush?
thick, white adherent growth on the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat
493
what are the symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis?
yellow to white patchy discharge, itching
494
what are the symptoms of cutaneous candidiasis?
occurs in chronically moist areas of skin and in burn patients
495
what are the symptoms of diaper rash?
moist wet area allows the yeast to overgrow if baby in on antibiotics or in moist folds on adults
496
what diseases does criptococcus neoformans cause?
criptococcosis
497
what are the symptoms of cryptoccosis?
cough, fever and lung nodules
498
what diseases does the fungal pathogen pneumocystis carinii cause?
pneumonia PCP in AIDS patients
499
what are the symptoms of pneumonia PCP?
secretions in the lungs that block breathing
500
what is tinea capitis?
ringworm of the scalp
501
what are the symptoms of tinea capitis?
itchy scalp to destruction of the hair follicle
502
what is tinea barbae?
ringworm of the beard "barber's itch"
503
what is tinea cruris?
ringworm of the groin "jock itch"
504
what is tinea pedis?
ringworm of the foot "athlete's foot"
505
tinea manuum:
ringworm of the hand
506
tinea unguium:
ringworm of the nails
507
what is tinea coporis?
ringworm of the body
508
what diseases does entamoeba histolytica cause?
amoebic dysentary
509
what are the symptoms for amobic dysentary?
dysentary, abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, weight loss perferation of the small intestine
510
what diseases does giardia lambia cause?
beaver fever
511
what are the symptoms of beaver fever?
voluminous flatulence watery diarrhea
512
what diseases does trichomonas vaginalis cause?
trichomoniasis
513
what are the symptoms of trichomoniasis in females?
foul smelling, green to yellow discharge, vulvitis, cervicitis, urinary frequency and pain
514
what are the symptoms of trichmoniasis in males?
urethritis, thin, milky discharge, prostate infection
515
what diseases does trypanosoma brucei cause?
african sleeping sickness
516
what are the symptoms of african sleeping sickness?
chancre at bite site, swollen lymph nodes, fever, headaches, lethargy, lying prostate, drooling, insensitive to pain personality changes, trouble walking, death
517
what diseases does cryptosporidium parvum cause?
cryptosporidiosis
518
what are the symptoms of cryptosporidiosis?
headache, sweating, vomitting, severe abdominal cramps, diarrhea
519
what does taenia saginata cause?
tapeworm infection
520
what are the symptoms of a tapeworm infection?
little to no symptoms
521
what does nectar americanus cause?
hookworm infection
522
what are the symptoms of a hookworm infection?
skin itch, pnemonia, nausea, vomitting, cramps, pain, bloody diarrhea
523
what does enterobius vermicularius cause?
pinworm infection
524
what are thesymptoms of a pinworm infection?
mild nausea, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, irritability due to anal itching
525
what does ascaris lubricoides cause?
roundworm infection
526
what are the symptoms of a roundwormn infection?
bronchospasm, asthma, skin rash, nausea
527
what does trypasnosoma cruzi cause?
chaga's disease
528
what are the symptoms of chagas disease?
romana's sign
enlarged spleen
congestive heart failure
529
what does toxoplasma gondii cause?
toxoplasmosis
530
what are the symptoms of toxoplasmosis?
still birth, water in the brain cavity (caused by pregnant women changing cat box)
531
what does trichinella spiralis cause?
trichinellosis
532
what are the symptoms of trichinellosis?
intense muscle and joint pain
533
why are viruses not considered to be alive?
no kingdom or domain
cannot multiply w/o host
cannot exist without host
they bear no resemblance to cells
534
what is the size of a virus?
nanometers
535
what are the two parts of a virus?
covering
| central core
536
what is in the covering of a virus?
capsid
| envelope
537
what is a capsid?
surrounds the nucleic acid, composed of proteins. all viruses have one
538
what is a viral envelope?
surrounds the capsid composed of the host's cell membrane. Not all viruses have one
539
what is in the central core of a virus?
nucleic acid molecule
| various proteins
540
what is the nucleic acid molecule?
genetic info for the virus, can be DNA or RNA
541
what are the various proteins in the central core?
contain enzymes for specific operations
542
what is the lytic phase of multiplication?
replicate and make more proteins
543
what is the lysogenic phase of multiplication?
virus inserts its genes into the host's genes
544
what is variola?
smallpox
545
what are the symptoms of smallpox?
fever, malaise, prostration and a rash
546
what are the symptoms of herpes simplex 1?
fever blisters in the oral area
547
what are the symtpoms of herpes simplex 2?
genital warts
548
what is the epstein barr virus?
kissing disease
549
what are the symptoms of epstein barr?
sore throat, fever, swollen nodes, can continue to burkitt lymphoma or nasopharageal carcinoma
550
what is varicella zoster virus?
causes chickenpox and shingles
551
what are the symptoms of chickenpox?
skin lesions that crust over
552
what are the symptoms of shingles?
tingling at site, painful vesicles erupt
553
what is the vaccine for varicella?
varivax
554
what is the vaccine for shingles?
zostavax
555
what disease does infectious hepatitis cause?
hepatitis A
556
what are the symptoms of hepatitis A?
anorexia, general mailaise, jaundice
557
what is the vaccine for hepatitis A?
havrax
558
what disease does the DNA virus serum hepatitis cause?
Hep B
559
what are the symptoms of hep B?
jaundice, cirrhosis and liver cancer
560
what are the vaccines for hep B?
ebgerix B
recombivax
twinrix
561
what disease does the RNA virus post-transfusional hepatitis cause?
Hep C
562
what are the symptoms of hep C?
jaundice, dark urine, cirrhosis and cancer
563
what does human papilloma virus cause?
papolloma
564
what are the symptoms of papiloma?
seed wart on the hands
plantar warts on the feet
genital warts
565
what do parvoviruses cause?
erythrovirus (5th disease)
566
what are the symptoms of fifth disease?
slapped face rash, fever
567
what does human herpes virus six cause?
roseola
568
what are the symptoms of roseola?
maculopapular rash on neck, trunk and buttocks of babies
569
what does human herpes 8 cause?
Kaposi's sarcoma
570
what are the symptoms of kaposi's sarcoma?
red to purple splotches
571
what does orthomyxoviruses cause?
Influenza A, b and c
572
what are the symptoms of influenza A?
myalgia, pharyngeal pain, shortness of breath
573
what is the vaccine for influenza A?
traditional and flumist
574
what are the symptoms of influenza B?
milder version of the flu
575
what are the symptoms of influenza C?
minor respiratory disease
576
what are some complications of the flu?
reye syndrome
| guillain barre syndrome
577
what are the symptoms of reye syndrome?
listlessness, personality changes, disorientation, convulsions, loss od conciousness
578
what are the symptoms of guillain barre syndrome?
weakness, tingling in legs, paralysis
579
what does paramyxovirus cause?
mumps
| parainfluenza
580
what are the symptoms of the mumps?
inflammation of salivary glands, myalgia
581
what are the symptoms of parainfluenza?
causes a barking cough like a seal
582
what does morbilivirus cause?
measles
583
what is the vaccine for mumps?
MMR
584
what are the symptoms of measles?
conjuctivitis, Koplick spots, red rash
585
what is a complication of the measles?
subacute sclerosing panencephalitit which causes death
586
what is the vaccine for measles?
MMR
587
what does rubivirus cause?
rubella
588
what are the symptoms of rubella?
german measles
| induces miscarriage or birth defects
589
what is the vaccine for rubivirus?
MMR
590
what does lyssavirus cause?
rabies
591
what are the symptoms of rabies?
agitation, disorientation, hydrophobia, seizures, coma or death
592
what is the vaccine for rabies?
rabies drop in bait for wild animals
593
what is severe acute respiratory syndrome?
SARS
594
what are the symptoms of SARS?
fever, body aches, mailaise
595
what does the west nile virus cause?
viral encephalitis
596
what are the symptoms of viral encephalitis?
<1% causes severe symptoms
597
what does retrovirus cause?
HIV
598
what are the symptoms of HIV?
opportunistic infections, cancer, lesions
599
what does the poliovirus cause?
polio
600
what are the symptoms of polio?
less than 2%=paralysis
601
what are the vaccines fot polio?
IPV OPV and sabin vaccine
602
what does norovirus cause?
Norwalk agent
603
what are the symptoms of norwalk agent?
diarrhea, vomitting, cramps
| common in cruise ships
604
what does rotavirus cause
viral gastroenteritis
605
what are the symptoms of viral gastroenertitis?
watery diarrhea, vomitting, fever
606
what are the vaccines for rotavirus?
rotateq
| rotarix
607
Song: Ringworm
Artist: Van Morrison
Theme: fungal disease
608
Song: Brown eyed girl
Artist: Van Morrison
Theme: identify singer of ringworm
609
Song: Disease
Artist: matchbox 20
Theme: diseases
610
Song: Cheeseburger in Paradise
Artist: Jimmy Buffett
Theme: E. coli 0157:H7
611
Song: Danger Zone
Artist: Kenny Loggins
Theme: Food Safety
