lecture test 3 part 2 Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
is bacillus gram positive or negative?
A
gram positive
2
Q
bacillus forms:
A
endospores
3
Q
where do you normally find bacillus?
A
soil
4
Q
is bacillus aerobic or anaerobic?
A
aerobic
5
Q
what is the function of bacillus?
A
degrading complex macromolecules and a source of antibiotics
6
Q
what are the two types of bacillus?
A
bacillus anthracis
bacillus cereus
7
Q
what is the shape of bacillus anthracis?
A
large block shaped rods
8
Q
does bacillus have endospores?
A
yes
9
Q
bacillus have spores that develop under al conditions except:
A
the human body
10
Q
what are the virulence factors of bacillus?
A
polypeptide capsule
exotoxins
11
Q
bacillus anthracis causes
A
anthrax
12
Q
how do humans aquire bacillus anthracis?
A
contact with infected animals
13
Q
who used bacillus anthracis in his work?
A
robert koch
14
Q
what are the portal of entries of bacillus?
A
cutaneous
pulmonary
gastrointestinal
15
Q
what is the cutaneous portal of entry?
A
spores enter through skin; least dangerous
16
Q
what is the pulmonary portal of entry?
A
inhalation of spores
17
Q
what is the gastrointestinal portal of entry?
A
ingested spores
18
Q
what is cutaneous anthrax?
A
spores enter the skin or small cuts when handling animal hides or hair
19
Q
what are the symptoms of cutaneous anthrax?
A
growth of microbe in the skin forms a pupil that turns into a black eschar
20
Q
what is pulmonary anthrax also known as?
A
wool-sorter’s disease
21
Q
how is pulmonaru anthrax aquired?
A
spores are inhaled and grow in the lungs. the bacillus is phagocytized killing microphages and causing the release of cytokines
22
Q
what are the effects of pulmonary anthrax?
A
thrombosis
cardiovascular shock
and rapid death in 99% of cases
23
Q
what are the symptoms of pulmonary anthrax?
A
fatigue, malaise, fever, aches and cough. later, high fever, labored brreathing and shock
24
Q
what is gastrointestianal anthrax?
A
occurs when contaminated meat is ingested
25
what are the symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax?
the same as pulmonary but also bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain and vomitting
26
what is bacillus cereus?
common airborne and dustborne bacteria that is resistent to disinfection and antisepsis
27
where does bacillus cereus multiply?
cooked foods like rice, potatoes and meat dishes. the spores survive cooking and reheating
28
what does bacillus cereus produce?
enterotoxin
29
what is the treatment for bacillus cereus?
there isn't one
30
what are the symtoms of bacillus cereus?
```
nausea
vomitting
abdominal cramps
diarrhea
(24 hours)
```
31
who is most at risk for bacillus cereus?
immunosuppressd intubated patients
| drug addicts
32
what is Lab ID?
gram positive bacilli that produce endospores from sputum or skin scraping
33
what is the antibiotic treatment for Lab ID?
penicilliin
tetracycline
ciproflaxin
34
what is the vaccine for Lab ID?
biothrax
35
what is clostridum?
gram postitive, spore forming rods that live in soil and are strict anaerobes
36
where are clostridum spores produced?
only under anaerobic conditions
37
what is the function of clostridum?
synthesize organic acids, alcohols and exotoxins
38
what does clostridum cause?
wound infections, tissue infections and food intoxications
39
what are the most common types of clostridum?
clostridum perfringes
clostridum tetani
clostridum botulinum
clostridum difficle
40
what which clostridum infects wounds and tissues?
perfringens
tetani
difficile
41
what is clostridum perfringens?
causes gas gangrene
42
where are clostridum perfingens spores found?
soil, human skin, intestine and the vagina
43
how is clostridum perfingens acquired?
```
surgical incision
punture
gunshot wound
crushing trauma
compound fracture
diabetic sore
frostbite
septic abortions
```
44
what is the most potent toxin that perfingens produces?
alpha toxin
45
what does alpha toxin do?
kills tissue
46
what are the two forms of perfingens?
anaerobic cellulitis
| myonecrosis
47
what is anaerobic cellulitis?
bacteria spread in damaged necrotic muscle tissue produces toxins and gas but remains localized
48
what is myonecrosis?
bacteria spread in damaged necrotic muscle tissue produces toxins and gas and progresses into a health issue
49
what are the symptoms of perfringens
pain, edema, bloody exudate in lesion along with fever, tachycardia, blackened necrotic tissue with gas bubbles
50
how do you treat perfringens?
immediate cleansing of wounds.
amputation
hyperbaric oxygen therapy
51
what antibiotics are used to treat perfringens?
cephlasporin
| penicillin
52
what vaccines are available for perfringens?
none
53
what is clostridum tetani?
causes tetanus or lock jaw
54
what toxin does clostridum tetani produce?
the neurotoxin tetanospasmin
55
who is most at risk for tetanus?
geriatric patients and drug users
56
how is clostridum tetani acquired?
spores enter wound through accidental puncture, burn, frostbite, crushed body or umbilical stump
57
what is tetanospasmin?
neurotoxin that causes paralysis by bonding to motor nerve endings in the spinal cord
58
what does tetanospasmin cause?
rigid paralysis
59
what are the symptoms of clostridum tetani?
clenching of jaw, arching of the back, flexion of the arms, extension of the legs and death due to paralysis in respiratory muscles
60
how is clostridum tetani treated?
antitixiin therapy inactivates circualting toxin but does not counteract the damage already done.
61
what antibiotics are prescribed for clostridum tetani?
penicillin and tetracycline
| muscle relaxants
62
what is the vaccine for tetani?
DTaP
63
what is clostridum difficile?
normal resident of the colone usually kept in low numbers that causes antibiotic associated colitis
64
how is clostridum difficile acqured?
superinfection caused by antibiotics kill too much bacteria allowing difficile to overgrow
65
what are the symptoms of clostridum difficile?
diarhea, abdominal cramps, fever, patches of colon lining sloughs off
66
where is clostridum difficile most commonly found?
in hospitals. increasingly common in in community acquired diarrhea
67
what is the treatment for clostridum difficile?
fluid and electrilyte replacement
| withdrawl of antimicrobials
68
what antibiotics are used for clostridum dificile?
vancomycin
| metranidazole
69
what is two bacterias cause clostridal food poisoning?
clostridum botulinum
| clostridum perfringens
70
what isclostridium botulinum food poisoning?
rare but severe poisoning usually from home canned foods
71
what is clostridum perfringens food poisoning?
mild intestinal illness; second most common form of food poisoning in the world
72
what is clostridum botulinum?
causes botulism
73
what toxin does clostridum botulinum produce?
the neurotoxin botulin
74
how is clostridum botulinum acquired?
eating food contaminated with spores, mostly home canned
75
what does botulin do?
prevents the release of acetycholine causing flaccid paralysis
76
what are the symptoms of botulism?
double vision, difficulty swallowing and speaking, nausea and vomitting, progressive muscular paralysis and respiratory paralysis
77
what is infant botulism?
affects infants up to 12 months
78
how is infant botulism acquired?
ingesting spores from the dust of vegetables or raw honey
79
what is wound botulism?
spores enter a wound and cause food poisoning symptoms
80
what is the treatment for botulism?
penicillin
antitoxin
respiratory support
81
what does botulin produce?
botox
82
what is botox?
lunch hour face lift
83
what are some side effects of botox?
help with headaches and migrane
84
what is corynebacterium diptheriae?
gram positive irregular bacteria that causes diptheria
85
potential for diptheria is
always present
86
who is mostly at risk for diptheria?
non immunized children living in unsanitary conditions
87
how is diptheria acquired?
respiratory droplets
88
what toxin does corynebacterium diphtheriae produce?
the exotoxin diphtherotoxin
89
what are the two stages of diptheria?
local infection
| diptherotoxin production and toxemia
90
what is the local infection pertaining to diptheria?
upper respiratory tract inflammation
91
pseudomembrane formation can cause
asphyxiation
92
what is the treatment for diptheria
penicillin
antitoxin
surgery
93
what is the vaccine for corynebacterium?
DTaP
94
what are propionibacterium?
gram positive rods that are common residents of the pilosebacceous glands. nontoxigenic and anaerobic or aerotolerant
95
what does propionibacterium cause?
acne
96
which bacteria are acid fast and strict anaerobes?
mycobacteria (gram positive)
97
mycobacteria posess
mycolic acids in the cell walls
98
do mycobacteria contain endospores?
no
99
what is mycobacterium tuberculosis?
disease that causes tuberculosis but produces no exotoxins or enzymes
100
what are the virulence factors of mycobacterium tuberculosis?
mycolic acids and cord factor
101
what are the three stages of tuberculosis?
primary
secondary
disseminated
102
what is primary tuberculosis?
after 3-4 weeks tubercules form
103
if the center of the tubercle breaks down.....
it forms caseous lesions that gradually heal by calcification
104
what is the infectious dose of primary tuberculosis?
10 cells
105
what is secondary tuberculosis?
tubercles expand and drain into the bronchial tubes and upper respiratory tract/
106
what are the symptoms of secondary tuberculosis?
```
coughing
greeninsh or bloody sputum
fever
anorexia
weight loss
fatigue
```
107
if untreated what is the mortality rate of secondary tuberculosis?
60%
108
what is dessimated TB?
bacilli dessimate to regional lymph nodes, kidneys, long bones, genital tract, brain and meninges and create tubercles
109
how do you diagnose tuberculosis?
mantoux test
xrays
acid fast test of specimen
biochemical testing
110
what is the mantoux test?
injection of purified protein derivative. look for red wheal to form in 48-72 hours.
111
what is the treatment for tuberculosis?
combination of isoniazid and rifampin
112
what is the vaccine for tuberculosis?
BCG vaccine
113
what is MDR-TB?
multidrug resistant tuberculosis
114
what is XDR-TB?
extremely drug resistant
| resistant to isoniazid and rifampin
115
what is microbacterium leprae?
a strict parasite that lives in 30 C. Slowest growing of all species and cannot be grown on artificial media
116
what does micro bacterium leprae cause?
leprosy
117
what is leprosy?
disease that is not highly contagious and they're not sure how it is acquired. It may be associated with a specific genetic marker
118
what are the two types of leprosy?
tuberculoid leprosy
| lepromateous leprosy
119
what is tuberculoid leprosy?
asymmetrical, shallow lesions that damages nerves and results in loss of pain receptors
120
what is the treatment for tuberculoid leprosy?
easily treated with rifampin and dapsone for six months
121
what is lepromatous leprosy?
a deeply nodular infection that causes severe disfigurement of the face and extremities
122
what is the treatment for lepromatous leprosy?
rifampin and dapsone for a minimum of two years then dapsone for additional ten years
123
how do you diagnose leprosy?
detection of acid fast bacilli in skin lesions, nasal discharges and tissue samples
124
what are some problems with Cdiff?
bowel issues, relentless diarrhea and abdominal pain
125
Cdiff causes
Crohn's disease or ulcers
126
what is the treatment of Cdiff?
fecal transplant
127
what is Treponema pallidum?
gram negative spirochete that causes syphillus and is acquired through sexual intercourse
128
what are the three stages of syphilis?
primary
secondary
tertiary
129
what is primary syphilis?
appearance of chancre, fluid from chancre is highly contagious, chancre heals and moves into the blood then there is a latent period
130
what is secondary syphilis?
spirochete is multiplying in the bloodstream, rash forms on the skin and palms and soles of the feet, the rash disappears spontaneoulsly
131
what is tertiary syphilis?
damage to multiple tissues and organs. gummas have developed
132
what is neurosyphilis?
involves the nervous system and has diverse symptoms including an irregular shaped pupil
133
what is congenital syphilis?
syphilis can pass from mother to child most commonly in the second and third trimester. Causes miscarriage and still birth
134
what is the treatment for syphilis?
penicillin
135
what is leptospira interrogans?
disease causing leptospirosis acquired by contact with infected urine of wild animals.
136
what is the first phase of leptospira interrogans?
pathogen appears in the blood and CSF. high fever, chills headaches, muscles aches, eye infections and vomitting
137
what is the second phase of leptospira interrogans?
blood infection is cleared, milder fever, headaches, kidney disease, hepatic disease, neurological problems
138
what is the outcome of leptospira interrogans?
long term disability or death
139
what is the treatment for leprospira interrogans?
penicillin
140
what is borrelia burgdorferi?
disease that causes Lyme's disease acquired by tick bites. nonfatal
141
what are the early stages of Lymes disease?
bull's eye rash, headache, fever, stiff neck
142
what is the second stage of Lymes disease?
palpations in heartbeat and loss of muscle tone in one side of the face. Polyarthritis in all joints
143
what is the treatment for borrelia burgdorferi?
tetracycline
144
what is vibrio cholerae?
disease that causes cholera acquired by contaminated food, water and shellfish.
145
what toxin does vibrio cholerae emit?
the exotoxin chloragen
146
what does chloragen do?
releases large amounts of electrolytes which causes severe water loss
147
what are the symptoms of cholera?
vomitting, diarrhea, nausea, and stomach cramps
148
what is the treatment for cholera?
tetracycline
149
what is helicobacter pylori?
a gastric pathogen that causes curved cells causing ulcers.
150
what does helicobacter produce?
urease
151
who first identified heliobacter pylori?
barry marshall and robin warren
152
what did barry marshall and robin warren do?
drank a culture of heliobacter
| received the nobel prize
153
what is the treatment for heliobacter pylori?
clarithromycin
154
what is rickettsial thyphi?
causes typhus, a disease acquired from infected fleas of rats. Causes a skin rash
155
what is the treatment of typhi?
tetracycline
156
what is the great pox?
syphilis
157
what is rickettsia rickettsii?
causes rocky mountain spotted fever, a disease caused by a tick bite.
158
what are the symptoms of rickettsia rickettsii?
distinctive spotted rash
159
what is the treatment for rickettsia rickettsii?
tetracycline
160
what is bartonella henselae?
causes cat scratch disease
161
what are the symptoms of bartonella henselae?
1-2 weeks after bitten, cluster of small pupules at site of scratch
162
what is the treatment of cat scratch disease?
tetracycline
163
what is chlamydia trachmydiosis?
causes chlamydiosis, a disease acquired by sexual intercourse.
164
what are the symptoms of chlamydiosis?
males: urithritis
females: pelvic inflammatory disease
165
what is ocular trachoma?
an eye infection of chlamydia in adults and children spread by fingers and fomites
166
what is inclusion conjunctivitis?
eye infection of chlamydia caused by newborn passing through the birth canal
167
what is the treatment for chalmydia trachmydiosis?
tetracycline
168
what is mycoplasma pneumoniae?
walking pneumonia. a bacteria that has no cell wall acquired by droplets
169
what are the symptoms of mycoplasma pneumonia?
fever, sore throat, headache, chest pain, earache
170
what is the treatment of mycoplasma pneumoniae?
tetracycline
171
what is the bonus song "another one bites the dust"
freddy mercury
| chemial agent
172
what is the bonus song "Set fire to the rain"
adele
| incineration
173
what is the bonus song cat scratch fever?
ted nugent
| cat scratch disease
