Lecture Test 4 Part Two Flashcards by Jennifer Thompson

what are the four immunities?

natural active immunity
natural passive immunity
artificial active immunity
artificial passive immunity

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what is natural active immunity?

getting the infection

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describe natural active immunity

acquiring the disease and having the immune system actively produce antibodies and killer t cells against the microorganism and produce memory B and T cells for long lived protection

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Natural active immunity is:

permanent with some diseases

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what are some examples of natural active immunity

chickenpox, measles, rosela

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what is natural passive immunity?

mother to child

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describe natural passive immunity

a special bond between a mother and baby. Mom may provide antibodies to protect her infant.

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what are the two ways a mother may provide temporary protection for her baby?

in utero

breastfeeding

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how does a mother protect her baby while in utero?

IgG antibodies can cross the placenta

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how does a mother protect her baby while breastfeeding?

IgA antibodies from clostrum and breast milk

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what is artificial passive immunity?

immunotherapy

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describe artificial passive immunity?

pooled antibodies contain immunoglobon extracted from pooled blood

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artificial passive immunity is treatment of choice for

prevention of measles and hepatitis A and in replacing antibodies in immunodeficient patients

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what is an example of artificial passive immunity?

sera from horses are available for diphtheria, botulism, and spider and snake bites

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what is artificial active immunity?

vaccination

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what is a vaccination?

deliberately exposing a person to material that is antigenic but not pathogenic

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Artificial PASSIVE immunity acts:

immediately and protection lasts 2-3 months

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describe artificial active immunity

principle is to stimulate a strong enough response by the immune system to produce memory B and T cells for protection to any future exposure

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with artificial active immunity response to a future exposure

will be immediate, powerful and sustained

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what are most vaccines prepared from?

killed whole cells or inactivated viruses
live, attenuated cells or viruses
antigenic molecules derived from bacterial cells or viruses
genetically engineered microbes or microbial agents

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killed or inactivated viruses:

cultivate the desired strain, treat it with formalin or some other agent that kills the agent but does not destroy its antigenisity

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killed or inactivated viruses often require

a larger dose and more boosters to be effective

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live attenuated cells or viruses:

eliminates virulence factors

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What are some advantages of live preparations?

organisms can multiply and produce infection but not disease
long lasting protection
requires fewer doses and boosters

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what are some disadvantages of live attenuated cells or viruses?

- require special storage - can be transited to other people - can mutate back to virulent strain

what are the subunits of a virus?

capsule surface protein exotoxin

what diseases contain capsules

pneumococcus | meningococcus

what diseases contain surface proteins?

anthrax and hepatitis b

what diseases have exotoxin?

diptheria and tetanus

live antigen can be taken from

cultures genetic engineering synthesized

what are genetically engineered vaccines?

insert genes for pathogen's antigen into plasma vector and clone them in an appropriate host

what is an adjuvant?

product added to all vaccines that provide an initial response from the immune system. localized reaction

since the 1930s the only adjuvant approved by the FDA is

alum

the FDA recently approved a new adjuvant called

Lipid A

what is Lipid A?

the outer membrane of endotoxin which is the outer membrane of gram negative cells

what does HIV need to produce its RNA from DNA?

reverse transcriptase

what is the lytic phase?

actively reproducing in the host cell

what are the five parts of the lytic phase?>

``` absorption penetration/uncoating duplication assembly release ```

what is absorption?

virus binds to specific host cells with either viral spikes (enveloped) or knobs (naked virus)

what is penetration and uncoating?

the DNA enters

what is duplication?

virus reproduces his genes and proteins

what is assembly?

virus puts himself together

what is release?

virus is released from host cell

how does an enveloped virus release from the host cell?

buds out

how does a naked virus release from a host cell?

lysis

why do most people day that viruses aren't alive?

- because they have no kingdom or domain - unable to exist independently from host - cannot multiply w/o host - contain only parts needed to invade and control the host

what is the size of a virus?

nanometers | you must have an electron microscope to see them

what is the two sections of a virus?

covering | central core

what is in the covering of a virus?

capsid | envelope

what is a capsid?

composed of protein all viruses have one surrounds the nucleic acid

what is the envelope?

surrounds the capsid composed of host cell's membrane not all viruses have one

what is in the central core?

nucleic acid molecule | various proteins

what is the nucleic acid molecule?

generic info for the virus either DNA or RNA single or double stranded

what are various proteins

contain enzymes for specific operations within the host cell such as copying nucleic acid

what is the lysogenic phase?

dormant phase where the virus inserts its genes into the host's genes. This step occurs after penetration

DNA viruses:

multiply in the nucleus | are double stranded except for parvoviruses

RNA viruses:

multiply in the cytoplasm | single stranded except for dsRNA reoviruses

viruses are limited to

a particular host or cell type

what are some common manifestations of viruses?

rashes, fever, muscle ache, swollen lymph nodes

what are the body's defenses?

interferon, natural killer cells, antibodies and cytotoxic t cells

what are two types of persistent infection?

chronic infection | latent infection

what is chronic infection?

virus is detectable in tissue samples, multiplying at a slow rate; symptoms are mild or absent

what is a latent infection?

after a lytic cycle, virus enters a dormant phase; generally not detectable, can reactivate

what are pox viruses?

produce skin pustules that leave scars

what is the first disease to be eradicated?

smallpox

what is small pox also known as?

variola

how is smallpox acquired?

inhalation or skin contact

what are the symptoms of smallpox?

rash, fever, mailase, prostration

what is variola major?

highly virulent, causes toxemia, shock and intravascular coagulation

what is variola minor?

less virulent

who discovered the vaccine for smallpox?

Edward jenner

how was the vaccine for smallpox discovered?

work with vaccina

what is vaccine?

cowpox

what other pox diseases are humans susceptible to?

monkeypox | cowpox

what is monkey pox?

skin pox fever swollen lymphnodes

what is cowpox?

rare, usually confined to hands; other cutaneous sites

what is the treatment for pox viruses?

there is none

what are herpes viruses?

there are eight all members cause recurrent infections common among AIDS patents

what is herpes simplex?

HSV-1 | HSV-2

what is HSV-1?

lesions in oral area | occurs in early childhood

what is HSV-2?

lesions in the genital area | occurs in ages 14-29

can HSV-2 be spread when no lesions are visible?

yes

How is herpes simplex acquired?

direct exposure to secretions containing the virus

where does HSV-1 enter the body?

the 5th cranial nerve (trigeminal)

where does HSV-2 enter the body?

lumbosacral spinal nerve trunk ganglia

what can trigger a herpes simplex outbreak?

stress, fever, uv radiation and mechanical injury

what is type 1 herpes?

herpes labialis

what is herpes labialis?

fever blisters and cold sores | most common HSV-1 virus

what is type 2 herpes?

genital herpes

what triggers genital herpes?

menstration stress concurrent bacterial infection

what are the symptoms of genital herpes?

blistering and swelling of the groin painful urination ulcerated vesicles itching

what happens in recurrent bouts of genital herpes?

they are less severe

what is herpes of the newborn?

HSV-1 and HSV-2 | can be fatal in the neonate and fetus

what does a patent need if pregnant with herpes?

neonatal screening and potential c section

what is HSV-1 encephalitis?

rare complication that results in disseminated herpes

what is the treatment for herpes simplex?

acyclovir

what is the vaccine for herpes simplex?

none

what is varicella?

chickenpox

Lecture Test 4 Part Two Flashcards

(98 cards)