lecture test 3 part 1 Flashcards

Question

what are some examples of nucleic acid synthesis:?

Answer 1

UV radiation | gamma rays

Answer 2

denaturing protein prevents from working meaning no chemical reactions occur

Answer 3

``` heat cold dessication radiation filtration ```

Answer 4

dry heat | moist heat

Answer 5

autoclaving intermittent sterilization pasteurization boiling water

Answer 6

sterilization process that uses steam under pressure. Special machine that heats objects to 121 C at 15 psi for 10-40 minutes

Answer 7

media used media glassware surgical equipment

Answer 8

type of disinfectant developed by John Tyndall. Special chamber with boining water that heats to 100 C for 30-60 minutes on three days with incubation periods in between

Answer 9

media that cannot withstand high temperatures

Answer 10

heating liquid quickly to reduce the microbial load

Answer 11

batch method flash method ultrahigh temperature method

Answer 12

63-66 degrees for 30 minutes original method nonsterile

Answer 13

71.6 degrees for 15 seconds current method nonsterile

Answer 14

134 degrees for 1-2 seconds used for military and coffee creamers sterile

Answer 15

a type of disinfection where water is boiled at 100 C for 30 minutes

Answer 16

unsafe drinking water | home canning

Answer 17

dry oven | incineration

Answer 18

a type of sterilization | 2-4 hours at 150 C to 180 C

Answer 19

glassware powders oils metals

Answer 20

type of sterilization | bunsen burners or furnace incinerators

Answer 21

needles or loops | medical waste

Answer 22

``` microbiostatic refridgeration (0-15) or freezing (less than 0) ```

Answer 23

preserve food, media and cultures

Answer 24

gradual removal of water from cells, leads to metabolic inhibition.

Answer 25

slows the growth of microbes

Answer 26

freeze drying

Answer 27

many cells retain the ability to grow when water is reintroduced

Answer 28

damages molecules most sensitive is DNA

Answer 29

creates bonds or causes breakages

Answer 30

electrons to be released creating ions

Answer 31

ionizing and nonionizing

Answer 32

deep penetrating power that has sufficient energy to cause electrons to leave their orbit, breaks DNA

Answer 33

symbol used to identify that radiation has been used

Answer 34

gamma rays that can penetrate barriers

Answer 35

cold sterilization

Answer 36

little penetrating power so it must be directly exposed

Answer 37

UV light that creates pyrimidine dimers which interfer with replication but does not penetrate barriers

Answer 38

abnormal bonds

Answer 39

surgery rooms

Answer 40

straining a liquid or air through a layer of material with openings large enough for liquid or air to pass but too small for microorganisms (sterilization)

Answer 41

depth filters | membrane filters

Answer 42

sand charcoal diatomaceous earth

Answer 43

cellulose acetate | plastic

Answer 44

beer, wine, milk, blood products, vaccines

Answer 45

``` halogens phenol chlorhexidine alcohols hydrogen peroxide aldehydes gaseous agents heavy metals detergents and soaps ```

Answer 46

the active ingredients in nearly 1/3 of all antimicrobial chemicals currently being marketed

Answer 47

fluorine bromine chlorine iodine

Answer 48

chlorine and iodine

Answer 49

disinfectant and antiseptic used for over 200 years

Answer 50

liquid agent | gas

Answer 51

hypochlorites | chloramine

Answer 52

pungent blue-black element that forms a brown solution when dissolved in water

Answer 53

iodophor tincture iodine aqueous iodine

Answer 54

iodine complexed with neutral protein polymer that is less toxic and irritating to tissues

Answer 55

betadine | povidone

Answer 56

2-3% solution of iodine in 70% alcohol used as an antiseptic

Answer 57

2-3% solution of iodine in water used as an antiseptic

Answer 58

skin preparation for surgery, burns, vaginal infections, surgical hand scrubbing

Answer 59

halogen used in toothpaste and drinking water

Answer 60

halogen used in hot tubs

Answer 61

acrid poisonous compound derived from distilling coal tar

Answer 62

antibacterial soaps and disinfectants

Answer 63

pHisoHex lysol triclisan

Answer 64

joseph lister as a way to sterilize surgical hands

Answer 65

complex comppound of chlorine and two phenolic rings

Answer 66

chlorhexidine gluconate

Answer 67

MRSAand acinetobacter outbreaks in hospitals

Answer 68

hibiclens | hibitane

Answer 69

have OH functional group

Answer 70

reduction of microbes on skin, thermometers, surfaces

Answer 71

H2O2; colorless, caustic liquid that decompses in presence of light or metals

Answer 72

antiseptic for skin, wound, bedsore, mouth wash, toothpaste, contact lens cleaner

Answer 73

has a CHO functional group

Answer 74

glutarldehyde | formaldehyde

Answer 75

yellow acidic liquid with a mild odor

Answer 76

endospores in three hours

Answer 77

in a chemiclave

Answer 78

respiratory therapy and kidney dialysis equipment, endoscopes, alternative for vaccine preservative

Answer 79

cidex and sporicidin

Answer 80

sharp irritating gas that dissolves readily to form an aqueous solution called formalin

Answer 81

carcinogen

Answer 82

surgical instruments biological specimens embalming fluid

Answer 83

ethylene oxide | chlorine dioxide

Answer 84

colorless substance that is a gas at room temperature | highly explosive in air and is mixed with carbon dioxide when used in ETO sterilizer

Answer 85

gases accepted as a chemical sterilization agent

Answer 86

a carcinogen

Answer 87

prepackaged medical supplies that are plastics and disinfectant of foods such as spices fruits and drugs

Answer 88

used as a sterilizing gas

Answer 89

treatment of drinking water, wastewater, food-processing equipment and medical waste

Answer 90

decontamination of senate offices after anthrax attack of 2001

Answer 91

``` mercury silver gold copper aresenic zinc ```

Answer 92

mercury | silver

Answer 93

mercury tinctures .001-.2% in alcohol

Answer 94

skin antiseptics, preservative in cosmetics and ophthalmic solutions. preservative in the vaccine thimerosal

Answer 95

mecurochrome | merthiolate (thimerosol)

Answer 96

monkey's blood developed in 1919 banned in 1998

Answer 97

thimersol | developed in 1929. Has been used as a preservative in vaccines; phased out in 1999

Answer 98

benzalkonium chloride | lidocane

Answer 99

silver nitrate | silver sulfadiazine

Answer 100

prevention of eye infections of newborns

Answer 101

ointments for burn patients

Answer 102

used in Bourdeaux's Butt Paste for diaper rash

Answer 103

zinc oxide

Answer 104

ammonium chloride | isopropyl alcohol

Answer 105

quartenary ammonium compound

Answer 106

benzalkonium chloride

Answer 107

alkaline compounds made when combining sodium or potassium salts and fatty acids

Answer 108

sodium lauryl sulfate

Answer 109

any chemical used in the treatment, relief, or porphylaxis of a disease

Answer 110

product is unchanged from organism that produces it. Streptomyces is the most prolific

Answer 111

drug that is chemically modified in the lab after being isolated from the natural source

Answer 112

drug is made totally in the lab

Answer 113

metabolic product of one microorganism that inhibits or destroys other microorganisms

Answer 114

``` selectively toxic microbicidal not microbistatic soluble and functions when diluted remains potent enough to act not subject to resistence complements host's defences readily delivered to site of infection not excessive in cost doesn't cause allergies ```

Answer 115

``` cell wall cell membrane protein synthesis nucleic acid cytoplam ```

Answer 116

the cell develops weak points at growth sites and become osmotically fragile

Answer 117

damage to the cell membrane causes disruption in metabolism or lysis

Answer 118

penicillin | cephlasporins

Answer 119

polymyxins amphotericin B nystatin

Answer 120

most inhibitors of translation react with the ribosome -mRNA complex

Answer 121

``` streptomycin gentamycin tetracyclines chloraphenicol erythromycin ```

Answer 122

antibiotics block the synthesis of nucleotides and inhibit replication

Answer 123

chloroquine | AZT (antiviral drugs)

Answer 124

some drugs act as an analog to an enzyme in a metabolic pathway

Answer 125

sulfonamides | trimethoprim

Answer 126

penicillin cephlasporin Beta-lactam drugs Non Beta-lactam cell wall inhibitors

Answer 127

antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis by interfering with peptidoglycan formation

Answer 128

vancomycin bacitracin isoniazid (INH)

Answer 129

narrow spectrum used to treat resistent staph and enterococcus

Answer 130

methicillin resistent staphylococcus aeurus

Answer 131

vancomycin resistant enterococcus

Answer 132

vancomycin resistant staphylococcus aureus

Answer 133

``` nausea rash dizziness kidney damage hearing loss ```

Answer 134

narrow spectrum produced by a strain of Bacillus subtilis used topically in ointments

Answer 135

works by interferring with mycolic acid synthesis;

Answer 136

topically in ointments

Answer 137

to treat infections with mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 138

polymixins

Answer 139

narrow-spectrum peptide antibiotics with a unique fatty acid component

Answer 140

drug resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa and severe UTI. used in topical ointments

Answer 141

``` aminoglycosides tetracyclines chloramphenical macrolide and related antibiotics erythromycin ```

Answer 142

produced by streptomyces (sterptomycin) | produced by micromoriospora (gentamycin)

Answer 143

aerobic gram negative rods

Answer 144

bubonic plague and tuberculosis

Answer 145

less toxic than streptomycin used to treat gram negative rods

Answer 146

tobramycin

Answer 147

aminoglycoside | topical ointment

Answer 148

diarrhea hearling loss dizziness kidney damage

Answer 149

broad spectrum produced by streptomyces

Answer 150

doxycycline | minocycline

Answer 151

``` STDs rocky mountain spotted fever lyme disease thyphus acne protozoa ```

Answer 152

GI disruption staining of teeth fetal bone development

Answer 153

entirely synthesized through chemical processes. very toxic, restricted use, can cause irreversabile damage to bone marrow

Answer 154

thyphoid fever brain abscesses ricketts chlamydia

Answer 155

injury to white and red blood cell precursors

Answer 156

erythromycin

Answer 157

broad spectrum, fairly low toxicity | used for penicillin resistant gonococci, syphilis and acne

Answer 158

clarithromycin | azithromycin (zithromax)

Answer 159

fluoroquinolones | rifampin

Answer 160

broad spectrum effectiveness synthetic ciproflaxin levafloxacin

Answer 161

UTIs, STDs, GI infections, respiratory infections and soft tissue infections

Answer 162

headaches, dizziness, tremors and GI distress

Answer 163

careful monitoring of them to prevent ciprofloxacin resistent bacteria

Answer 164

stomach pain, nausea and diarrhea

Answer 165

narrow spectrum | propylaxis of neisseria meningitis carriers

Answer 166

mainly tuberculosis and leprosy but also | legionella, brucella and staph

Answer 167

sulfonamides

Answer 168

sulfa drugs (first antimicrobial drug) most are synthetic narrow spectrum blocks the synthesis of folic acid by bacteria

Answer 169

treats shigellosis, UTI, and protozoan infection

Answer 170

rash, formation of crystals in kidneys, hemolysis of RBC and reduced platelets

Answer 171

treats burns and eye infections

Answer 172

fungal cells are eukaryotic. a drug that is toxic to fungal cells is also toxic to human cells

Answer 173

superficial and systemic

Answer 174

disrupting the cell membrane of the fungus

Answer 175

``` microlide polyenes griseofulvin synthetic azoles flucytosine echinocandins ```

Answer 176

found in creams or solutions for topical treatment of athletes foot, ring worm, and oral or vaginal candidiasis

Answer 177

amphotericin B | nystatin

Answer 178

most verstile and effective; works on most fungal infections. systemic fungal infections "gold standard"

Answer 179

used topically or orally for treatment of yeast infections

Answer 180

stubborn cases of dermatophyte (ringworm) | nephrotoxic (poisonous to the kidney)

Answer 181

deposited in the skin, hair and nails

Answer 182

broad spectrum OTC or prescribed for dermatopyte or mucous membrane infection

Answer 183

ketoconazole clotrimazole miconazole

Answer 184

gyne-lotramin monistat micatin nizoral

Answer 185

used for cutaneous mycoses or in combination with amphotericin B for systemic mycoses

Answer 186

bew category of antifungal drugs that damages the cell walls of fungal cells so not toxic to humans

Answer 187

capsofungin

Answer 188

invasive fungal disease where patient cannot take amphotericin B or flucytosine. (invasive yeast infection)

Answer 189

antimalarial drugs antiprotozoan drugs antihelinthic drugs

Answer 190

used for hundreds of years to treat malaria. extracted from the brak of the cinchona tree

Answer 191

synthetics called quinolones

Answer 192

chloroquine primaquine mefloquine for chloroquine resistant strains

Answer 193

metronidazole or flagyl

Answer 194

parasitic infections such as mild to severe intestinal infections and STD

Answer 195

mebendazole used to treat roundworm and tapeworm infections

Answer 196

inhibition of viral entry inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis inhibition of viral assembly

Answer 197

amantadine | tamiflu

Answer 198

used in the treatment of influenza A

Answer 199

used in the treatment of influenza infections

Answer 200

acyclovir famiciclovir AZT

Answer 201

zovirax | used to treat herpes

Answer 202

famvir | used to treat chickenpox and shingles

Answer 203

azidothymidine | used to treat AIDS

Answer 204

saquinavir (protease inhibitor)

Answer 205

blocks enzymes needed to assemble virus particles

Answer 206

damage to tissues of kidney or liver allergic reations such as hives superinfection

Answer 207

disruption of balance of the normal flora

Answer 208

kirby-bauer technique | tube dilution technique

Answer 209

- make a lawn of bacteria on petri plate - place different antibiotic discs on lawn and observe growth for 24-48 hours - look for zone of inhibition around antibiotic disks - measure zone and compare to chart for susceptability or resistence

Answer 210

more sensitive and quantative - serial dilutions of antibiotics in test tubes - all tubes innoculated with same amount of bacteria

Answer 211

minimum inhibitory concentration

Answer 212

smallest concentration of the drug that inhibits growth

Answer 213

the ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans as compared to its minimum effective dose

Answer 214

toxic dose -------------- mic

Answer 215

over prescribe drugs prescribed without suseptibility test broad spectrum usually prescribed regulations in other countries patients do not finish or take them later antibiotics used in livestock

Answer 216

mutations in critical chromosomal genes

Answer 217

penicillin and cephlasporins

Answer 218

thiazolidine ring beta-lactam ring variable side chain dictating microbial activity

Answer 219

ampicillin, carbenicillin, amoxicillin

Answer 220

methicillin nafcillin cloxacillin

Answer 221

allergy | resistance

Answer 222

six carbon ring Beta-Lactam ring two variable side chains dictating microbial activity

Answer 223

first generation second generation third generation fourth generation

Answer 224

cephlalothin and ceflazolin--most effective against gram positive and a few gram negative

Answer 225

cefaclor and cefonacid-- more effective against gram negative bacteria

Answer 226

cephalexin and ceftriaxone-- broad spectrum activity against enteric bacteria

Answer 227

cefepime--widest range; both gram negative and gram positive

Answer 228

imipenum--broad spectrum drug for infections with aerobic and anaerobic pathogens; low dose, administered orally with few side effects

Answer 229

aztreonam--narrow spectrum drug for infections of gram-negative aerobic bacilli used for people allergic to penicillin

lecture test 3 part 1 Flashcards

to get shit done!!!! (261 cards)