Final Chap 13

Question 1

What was the point of the smoke experiment with confederates?

Answer 1

To measure conformity

Question 2

How can conformity be a good thing?

Answer 2

Teamwork, driving change, maintaining law

Question 3

What are the two causes of the actions of someone?

Answer 3

Internal or External causes

Question 4

What is actor-observer bias attribution theory?

Answer 4

We are more likely to attribute others actions to internal causes and our own actions to external

Question 5

What are the three factors Kelley identified when making internal/external attributions?

Answer 5

Consistency, distinctiveness, consensus

Question 6

How can we tell if it is an internal or external cause using Kelley’s model?

Answer 6

Internal - High consistency, low distinctiveness, low consensus
External - High consistency, high distinctiveness, high consensus

Question 7

What is the FAE?

Answer 7

The fundamental attribution error states that we tend to attribute other actions to internal causes

Question 8

What occurs when we attribute our success to internal and our failures to external causes?

Answer 8

Self-serving bias

Question 9

What is the false consensus effect?

Answer 9

We tend to overestimate the amount others share our beliefs.

Question 10

What effect is responsible for the first impression being so important due to future information being considered less?

Answer 10

The primacy effect

Question 11

Is positive or negative first impressions more likely to colour the future of the relationship?

Answer 11

Negative impressions

Question 12

What other effect contributes to the primacy effect and has to do with the processing of information that is consistent with beliefs?

Answer 12

Confirmation bias

Question 13

Are Western cultures more or less impacted by the primacy effect?

Answer 13

More

Question 14

What is self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 14

When something is expected and the person expecting it unwillingly makes it happen

Question 15

What kind of society are Eastern societies when it comes to social norms? (compared to western)

Answer 15

Collectivist

Question 16

What comes form social norms and is the learned behaviours across situations?

Answer 16

Social scripts

Question 17

What was Asch’s experiment?

Answer 17

Conformity test using line length testing where a group would all vote the wrong answer

Question 18

What was the minimum number of confederates it took to reach the plateau of conformity?

Answer 18

3

Question 19

What is groupthink?

Answer 19

The phenomenon that occurs when conformity and consensus are valued very highly, leading to incorrectness

Question 20

What are the Janis contributions to poor decisions making?

Answer 20

1. Overestimating the group
2. closed mindedness of an outgroup
3. Pressure for uniformity

Question 21

What are Janis 8 characteristics of Groupthink situations?

Answer 21

1. illusion of invulnerability
2. Collective rationalization
3. Belief in inherent mortality
4. Stereotyped views
5. Direct pressure on dissenters
6. Self-censorship
7. Illusion of unanimity
8. Self-appointed mindguards

Question 22

What is the bystander effect?

Answer 22

The more people around an event, the less likely people will be to give aid

Question 23

What is the reasoning behind the bystander effect?

Answer 23

Diffusion of responsibility

Question 24

What concept contributes to the bystander effect and occurs when social cues are misread because others are also uncertain?

Answer 24

Pluralistic ignorance

Question 25

Was the drunk or sick man in the subway experiment helped more by their own race?

Answer 25

Sick man was helped more, and race varied Drunk man was helped by people of own race

Question 26

What increases helping behaviour?

Answer 26

1. When a situation is less dangerous 2. Perpetrator is absent 3. Non-physical actions are needed

Question 27

What is a sterotype?

Answer 27

It is an attitude or opinion about a person based on a group they are a part of

Question 28

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 28

Fear of confirming negative stereotypes about their group will have reduced performance due to anxiety

Question 29

What is prejudice?

Answer 29

An inherently negative stereotype

Question 30

What is discrimination?

Answer 30

The action part of prejudice (attitude)

Question 31

What is the theory for why there is discrimination between minoroties?

Answer 31

Scapegoat competition for scare resources passes blame

Question 32

What theory describes the conflict and discrimination between minorities over real or perceived scarcities?

Answer 32

The realistic conflict theory

Question 33

What kind of favoritism is generally observed and was observed in the robbers cave experiment?

Answer 33

Ingroup favoritism

Question 34

How was conflict reduced in the Robbers cave experiment?

Answer 34

Activities were staged that required mutual interdependence

Question 35

What is the reciprocity norm?

Answer 35

The concept that if someone helps they should be helped back