Lecture 2. development 2

Question 1

What are the 4 stages of Piagetian Development with ages?

Answer 1

1. Sensorimotor (0-2)
2. Preoperational Thought (2-7)
3. Concrete operational thought (7-11)
4. Formal Operational (11/12)

Question 2

What are two flaws with Piaget?

Answer 2

1. It is not lifelong
2. He underestimates children

Question 3

What is a schema?

Answer 3

It is a framework that allow us to organize understanding

Question 4

What are the two processes of schemas and what are they?

Answer 4

Assimilation is taking new information and fitting it into the scheme, and accommodation is changing a scheme to fit new information/environment

Question 5

What are the 3 big proponents of the sensorimotor period?

Answer 5

1. Reflexive behaviour
2. Circular reactions
3. Object Permanence develops

Question 6

What is reflexive behaviour?

Answer 6

Goal directed, simple symbolic thought

Question 7

What is a circular reaction?

Answer 7

It is a body centered and object centered experimental action

Question 8

How many substages of development are in the sensorimotor period?

Answer 8

Six (this is high due to rapid development in this stage)

Question 8

What is the A not B task and what does it test?

Answer 8

It is hiding an object in a different location in plain sight and asking a baby where it is, and it tests object permanence

Question 9

What types of mental representation symbolic activity is present in preoperational children?

Answer 9

There is symbolic activity (language, deferred imitation, make believe play)

Question 10

What do preoperational children struggle with in mental representation

Answer 10

children struggle with centration, being fooled by appearances (conservation), and they are egocentric

Question 11

What test is used to test egocentrism?

Answer 11

The three mountains task

Question 12

What do concrete operational children struggle with?

Answer 12

Abstract reasoning and theoretical thought

Question 13

What is transitive inference and what developmental stage is it associated with?

Answer 13

It is if A is bigger than B and B is bigger than C, A is bigger than C. This operation is done by concrete operational children.

Question 14

What is the big developmental step in the formal operational period?

Answer 14

Hypothetical/imaginary thought

Question 15

What are three contributions of Piaget?

Answer 15

1. Children are knowledge seekers/experimenters
2. Development is sequential
3. Errors provide clues about thinking

Question 16

Wat are three problems that Piaget’s theories describe?

Answer 16

1. He underestimates children
2. Development is more continuous than stage like
3. There is little consideration of social impacts

Question 17

What are the three levels of moral thinking? Who developed this?

Answer 17

Preconventional Morality
Conventional Morality
Postconventional Morality

Kohlberg came up with this

Question 18

What are the focuses of Kohlberg’s stages of moral thinking?

Answer 18

Preconventional morality - protecting themselves, justification on rules and punishment/rewards
Conventional Morality - Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval and maintain order
Postconventional Morality - Beliefs in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

Question 19

What three pieces of evidence do we have for high attachment in babies?

Answer 19

They respond to mom’s voice more in utero, they prefer mom’s language after birth, and they get upset with still face behaviour of the mom

Question 20

How does imprinting work with birds? Who did this research?

Answer 20

It is the first large moving thing they see, research done by Konrad Lorenz

Question 21

What work did Harry Harlow do?

Answer 21

He did the wire mother monkey experiment on attachment

Question 22

What test is done to test children attachment? What are the outcomes?

Answer 22

It is the strange situation experiment, kids could be secure-attachment, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant, or insecure-disorganized

Question 23

Who ran the attachment study?

Answer 23

John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth

Question 24

What is the latest part of the brain to mature?

Answer 24

The Frontal and then Prefrontal Cortex

Question 25

What are the three physiological changes in adolescence?

Answer 25

Puberty Late maturation of frontal;/prefrontal cortex Specialization and pruning of synapses

Question 26

In adolescence, what is the shift in people around them?

Answer 26

Time spent with peers goes up compared to parents

Question 27

What people impact adolescent identity? What parts of identity do they effect?

Answer 27

Parents: Education, discipline, responsibility, authority Peers: Learning cooperation, popularity, styles of peer interaction

Question 28

What does a good parental relationship in adolescence correlate with?

Answer 28

Good health and success

Question 29

What is adolescent egocentrism?

Answer 29

It is the feeling that the world revolves around the individual

Question 30

What are the discussed tendencies (2) that leads to adolescent egocentrism?

Answer 30

The Imaginary audience (everyone is watching) Personal Fable (I am unique)

Question 31

What new developmental stage is between 18-20 and involves taking adult responsibilities to some extent? What culture pattern is there in this?

Answer 31

Emerging adulthood is increasing in length throughout Western culture

Question 32

What cognitive themes are associated with adulthood discussed in the textbook?

Answer 32

20/30s: Peak time for learning/memory Middle adulthood: Declining recall (maintenance of recognition) Late adulthood: expertise peaks

Question 33

What is the difference between recall and recognition memory?

Answer 33

Recall: Completely remember something from scratch Recognition: If something is seen in front of you, can you recognize it

Question 34

What is Alzheimer's and what does it lead to?

Answer 34

Deterioration of neural plaques (synapses) leads to brain atrophy/shrinkage

Question 35

What is the order of progression of Alzheimer's disease?

Answer 35

Memory deterioration -> Reasoning deterioration -> Unable to perform self-care

Question 36

What part of the brain is targeted by Alzheimer's? What is it responsible for?

Answer 36

The hippocampus is responsible for the formation of new memories

Question 37

What two social themes of adulthood?

Answer 37

Transitions and commitments (relationships/parenting/career)

Question 38

When is emotional well being generally trending towards more positive feelings and fewer negative emotions?

Answer 38

As people get older

Question 39

What is the discussed predictor of happiness across all ages?

Answer 39

If people are living alone

Question 40

What research methods in development are discussed in this class?

Answer 40

1. High amplitude sucking paradigm 2. Habituation method 3. Preferential looking

Question 41

What are drawbacks of longitudinal research?

Answer 41

Selective attrition, money, length etc.

Question 42

What are drawbacks of cross sectional reasearch?

Answer 42

Cohort Effects