Final chap 4

Question 1

What is the main characteristic of the period of the zygote?

Answer 1

Rapid cell division

Question 2

What is the hollow ball of cells called in the period of the zygote?

Answer 2

The blastocyst

Question 3

What is it called when a fertilized egg implants in the fallopian tube?

Answer 3

An ectopic pregnancy

Question 4

When does the period of the zygote end?

Answer 4

Implantation in the uterine wall

Question 5

What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

Answer 5

Monozygotic - one egg divides into 2, very little genetic variation

Dizygotic - two eggs are released, separate DNA

Question 6

What weeks of pregnancy are labelled the period of the embryo?

Answer 6

2-8

Question 7

What developmental stage of pregnancy contains the development of the major organ systems and body?

Answer 7

The period of the embryo

Question 8

What principles of development are followed during the period of the embryo?

Answer 8

The cephalocaudal (head to tail) and proximodistal (middle to outside) principles

Question 9

What is the last period of pregnancy?

Answer 9

The period of the fetus

Question 10

What is the defining characteristic of the period of the fetus?

Answer 10

Refinements/growth

Question 11

How long is a pregnancy where it is considered full-term?

Answer 11

38-42 weeks

Question 12

When are teratogens most potent?

Answer 12

The period of the embryo

Question 13

What is the developmental disorder associated with alcohol consumption while pregnant?

Answer 13

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Question 14

What are the correlated effects of alcohol on children?

Answer 14

Internal organ damage, altered physical characteristics, and cognitive impairments + sleeper effects (later onset)

Question 15

What morning sickness medicine was identified as the first teratogen? What health outcomes were associated with the children who were exposed to it?

Answer 15

Thalidomide - limb malformation

Question 16

What mosquito virus is a teratogen that was associated with microencephaly?

Answer 16

Zika virus

Question 17

Why is Zika virus now thought to be less associated with microcephaly specifically?

Answer 17

It is part of a lot of developmental abnormalities with restricted utero growth and brain development

Question 18

What is the state of studies of COVID-19 infections as teratogenic?

Answer 18

There was a small study was done that identified babies delivered only as C-section as not having any COVID in their systems.

Question 19

What are Piaget’s 4 stages of development, and which one is not considered a part of childhood?

Answer 19

The Sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operational stages are seen in childhood, and the formal operational period is seen in adolesence

Question 20

Is Paget’s model continuous or discontinuous?

Answer 20

DIscontinuous

Question 21

What are the age ranges of the Piagetian stages?

Answer 21

Sensorimotor - 0-2
Preoperational - 2-7
Concrete operational - 7-11
Formal Operational - 12+

Question 22

What are the 6 stages of Piagetian sensorimotor development?

Answer 22

1- Reflexes - 0-1m
2 - primary circular reactions 1-4m
3. Secondary circular reactions 4-8m
4. Object permanence 8-12m
5. Tertiary circular reactions - science experiments 12-18m
6. Mental representation 18-24m

Question 23

What is the difference between a primary and a secondary circular reflex?

Answer 23

Primary - Repeated actions on babies own bodies, secondary is on other objects

Question 24

What do children begin to develop in the preoperational period?

Answer 24

The symbolic thinking

Question 25

What are the two substages of the preoperational stage?

Answer 25

Preconceptual thinking and intuitive thinking

Question 26

What are the three things that children struggle with in the preoperational phase?

Answer 26

Animism and egocentrism and conservation

Question 27

What psychological test is associated with egocentrism?

Answer 27

The 3 mountains task

Question 28

What types of conservation are there?

Answer 28

Number, liquid volume, mass

Question 29

What are the three conservation transformative principles that children learn in the concrete operational period?

Answer 29

1. Identity 2. Compensation 3. Inversion (reversibility)

Question 30

What was Lorenz study on attachment?

Answer 30

He found that goslings would imprint, a biological predisposition

Question 31

What was Harlow's study on attachment?

Answer 31

Wire Mother experiment for warmth and comfort

Question 32

What was the Ainsworth experiment that tested attachment to primary caregivers?

Answer 32

The strange situation paradigm

Question 33

Who was the first psychologist to theorize about mammalian infant bonds as a means of survival?

Answer 33

Bowlby

Question 34

What are the 4 categories of attachment? What are the strange situation responses to classify the children?

Answer 34

1. Secure - attachment (distress on detachment, but happy when reattached) 2. Insecure - Resistant (major distress on detachment) 3. Insecure - Avoidant (minimal distress on detachment) 4. Disorganized attachment (other)

Question 35

What is the defining feature of formal operational periods?

Answer 35

Complex and hypothetical reasoning

Question 36

Where does the brain develop in adolescence? What kind of functions are associated with this brain part?

Answer 36

The frontal lobe - executive function (planning, controlling impulse, complex decisions)

Question 37

What biological brain changes are seen during adolesence?

Answer 37

Neural pruning of synapses, myelination of neurons, and there are higher concentrations of dopamine

Question 38

What is the term for social norms that mention key times for life events?

Answer 38

The social clock

Question 39

What are the 4 types of adult attachment?

Answer 39

1. Secure/autonomous 2. Anxious/preoccupied 3. Avoidant/dismissive 4. Other

Question 40

What adult attachment types match with infant ones?

Answer 40

Anxious - insecure/resistant Avoidant - avoidant attachment

Question 41

What are the trends of marriage and happiness in adults?

Answer 41

Unmarried people are happier than people in unhappy marriages, happy marriages have increased health rates, cohabitation is less likely to report very happy than married

Question 42

What is bereavement?

Answer 42

Loss of a loved one

Question 43

What type of familial loss is most associated with depression?

Answer 43

Loss of a spouse

Question 44

Who's cognitive development theory tracks development from life to death?

Answer 44

Erickson

Question 45

What are the 8 Erikson stages of life?

Answer 45

Trust vs mistrust: 0-2 yrs Autonomy vs Shame/doubt: 2-4 yrs Initiative vs. Guilt: 4-5yrs Industry vs inferiority: 5-12 yrs Identity vs isolation: 13-19 Intimacy vs isolation: 20-39 Generativity vs stagnation: 40-64 Ego integrity vs despair: 65+

Question 46

What are the types of developmental research methods?

Answer 46

Longitudinal and cross sectional