FINAL EXAM Flashcards
(254 cards)
1
Q
Dependence on a substance
A
Addiction
2
Q
Morbid sadness, most common adult psychiatric, disorder
A
Depression
3
Q
Lithium is the treatment of choice
A
Bipolar disorder
4
Q
Best treatment is light therapy
A
Seasonal affective disorder
5
Q
Emotional state of fear
A
Anxiety disorder
6
Q
Symptoms include a persistent re-experiencing of a trauma
A
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
7
Q
Panic attack is a type of ___ disorder
A
Panic disorder/ anxiety disorder
8
Q
Abnormal fear and apprehension followed by obsessions
A
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
9
Q
Eating disorder characterized by abnormally low weight with an intense fear of gaining weight
A
Anorexia nervosa
10
Q
General symptoms of anemia
A
fatigue, headache, chest pain, irregular heart beat, cold intolerance, shortness of breath, pallor, dizziness, brittle hair, spoon shaped nails, delayed healing, swollen ankles, sore/beefy red tongue, cracked lips & intermittent calf pain
11
Q
Iron deficiency anemia
A
most common especially for women
12
Q
Idiopathic anemia
A
bone marrow stops making RBCs
13
Q
Pernicious anemia
A
lack of Vit. B12
14
Q
Folic acid anemia
A
lack of folic acid, causes spina bifida in neonates (newborns)
15
Q
Sickle cell anemia
A
RBC shape changes, live less, and stick together
16
Q
Aplastic anemia
A
rate and life threatening, complete marrow failure
g. Nutritional anemia – lack of iron, protein, Vit. B12
17
Q
Hemolytic anemia
A
RBCs destroyed faster than they can be replaced
18
Q
Hemorrhagic anemia
A
results from massive blood loss
19
Q
Impaired clotting mechanisms, causing prolonged bleeding
A
Hemophilia
20
Q
Impaired bone marrow function in making WBCs
A
Leukemia
21
Q
A fungal infection from inhaled spores found in soil, bird & bat droppings
A
Histoplasmosis
22
Q
Borrelia Burgdorferi
A
LYME DISEASE
Borrelia Burgdorferi: a spirochete & a bacteria – injected into body by a tick bite from deer tick
23
Q
Chancre
A
-untreated SYPHILIS:
primary stage: primary lesion appears at initial site of infection, called a CHANCRE, which heals in 1-2 months, infection spreads throughout body
24
Q
Virus hides in the dorsal root ganglion
A
Herpes virus
25
Oral lesions
Herpes simplex 1
“Cold sores”, painful blisters
26
Genital lesions
Herpes simplex 2
Causes genital blister-like sores that are often painful, blisters heal over & crust within 7-10 days
27
Shingles
-virus causes chickenpox, after chicken pox, virus lays dormant in peripheral nervous system in dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerve – stays latent until activated by stress, usually later in life
-causes painful rash along sensory nerves dermatome usually on torso, sometimes on face
28
Often asymptomatic, lifetime, infection, spread via, body secretions
Herpes simplex 1 & 2
29
Sexually transmitted, virus causing warts, may lead to cervical cancer
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
30
Affects GI mostly, also respiratory, and nervous systems, flu like symptoms
Enterovirus
31
Virus enters the anterior horn of the spinal cord, damages motor neurons
Poliomyelitis (“polio”)
32
Starts in upper respiratory (infected droplets), then goes to lower, if immunocompromised life-threatening
Influenza virus
33
Rhinovirus
“common cold” or upper respiratory tract infection causing inflammation especially in mucosa of nose & throat
34
Occurs in immunocompromised, a fungus infection of lungs
Fungal Pneumonia (pneumocystis carinii)
35
Yeast infection, what is the name of the yeast
Yeast infection (Candidiasis)
“Candida albican” = yeast
36
Cocci (shape)
small spheres
37
Diplococci (shape)
spheres in pairs
38
Staphylococci (shape)
spheres in bunches
39
Streptococci (shape)
spheres in linear groups
40
Bacilli (shape)
rod shape
41
Spirochete (shape)
spiral shape
42
Very common, resides no skin, overgrowth causes disease from mild on severe
Staphylococcus Aureus “staph”
43
Has two groups Group A and Group B
Streptococcus
Group A: streptococcus pyogenes
Group B: streptococcus agalactiae
44
Pathologies included in Group A Streptococcus
Invasion of bacteria causing exotoxins, adhesion, colonization & replication activating an innate immune response in bloodstream
45
Highly contagious throat infection, if left untreated-serious
Pharyngitis – strep throat
46
If untreated may lead to valve damage
Rheumatic fever
47
Flesh-eating disease
Necrotizing Fasciitis
48
Normally occurring bacteria that flourishes in immunocompromised, may cause pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, meningitis
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
49
Sexually transmitted infection of urogenital tract, but may also infect pharynx, eyes, and rectum
Gonococcus (Gonorrhea)
50
Inflammation of the fluid and the membranes to the meninges
Meningococcal infections
51
Yersinia pestis
-“The Plague”, “Bubonic Plague”, “Black Death”
-Bacterial infection of lungs
-Transmitted by fleas on rats, fleas bite humans & other mammals & transmit the bacteria
-Causes fever, headache, chills & weakness
52
Bacteria found in canned food causing blocked nerve functions and severe paralyzing effects
Clostridium Botulinum
53
Found in water, soil, vegetation, and feces, used to measure quality of water
Coliforms
54
Example of a bacteria of Coliforms
Escherichia coli (E-coli)
55
From contaminated water, person dies of dehydration from severe diarrhea
Cholera
56
Infectious, inflammatory disease of lungs, 1# cause in world for infection, also lymph nodes & other organs affected
Tuberculosis (TB)
57
Infectious bacterial infection causing skin sores, growths, nerve damage and nasal symptoms
Leprosy
58
Most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the world
Chlamydia
59
A sexually transmitted protozoa (parasite) infection
Trichomoniasis
60
1gG, IgM (type of hypersensitivity reaction)
TYPE II
61
antigens & antibodies deposited (type of hypersensitivity reaction)
TYPE III
62
T lymphocytes and macrophages (type of hypersensitivity reaction)
TYPE IV
63
IgE (type of hypersensitivity reaction)
TYPE I
64
Inhaled pollens trigger a histamine release
Hay fever
65
Chronic skin irritation, childhood mostly
Atopic dermatitis – ECZEMA
66
Abnormal response to inhaled allergens in the bronchi
Asthma
67
A severe life-threatening systemic response to an allergen
Anaphylactic shock
-massive release of histamine
68
RBCs are destroyed faster than they can be produced
Hemolytic anemia
69
Antibodies produced attack collagen in the lungs & kidneys
Goodpasture's Syndrome
70
Overproduction of thyroid hormones
Hypothyroidism – Grave’s disease
71
Antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors at the NMJ and there is an excess of cholinesterase, causing an excess of acetylcholine in the cleft
Myasthenia Gravis
72
Ptosis
Myasthenia Gravis
Ptosis: eyelids droop, face may falsely express sadness & attempts to smile may result in a snarl, impaired vision, difficulty chewing & swallowing, impaired speech often produces sound similar to nasal monotone, head droops forward as result of weak neck mm & fatigue is a frequent complaint
73
Butterfly rash
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
74
Renal disease after a sore throat
Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
75
Antibody/ antigen complexes deposit in small to medium arteries, causing clumping & inflammation
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) → pathogenesis
76
Most common Type IV reaction
Contact Dermatitis
77
Sexually transmitted virus that infects and destroys CD4 and T Cells
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
78
Abnormal proteins build up in organs causing dysfunction
Amyloidosis
79
Infection and inflammation of lymphatic vessels
Lymphangitis
80
Local accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces
Edema
81
Cancer of the lymph node
Lymphoma
82
Hodgkin's lymphoma
starts at one single lymph node (often in neck) then progresses to others close by & to other tissues like spleen, liver or bone marrow – two peak incidences:
20’s & 30’s & again in 60’s and 70’s – presence of Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells in lymph nodes is diagnostic
83
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
mostly from B Cells, more common, also more common in men than women, similar to Hodgkin’s but more widespread & metastasizes early, often well advanced at diagnosis – no RS cells in lymph nodes
84
Infectious mononucleosis: also called...
Epstein-Barr Virus
85
Myalgic encephalomyelitis: also called...
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
86
List the six attributes of cancer cells
1. Anaplasia
2. Anchorage Independent
3. Lack of Contact Inhibition
4. Immortality
5. Angiogenesis
6. Genetic Instability
87
benign cancer characteristics
-limited and slow growth
-curable
-encapsulated
-good prognosis
-uniform cell populations
-may compress nearby tissues
88
malignant cancer characteristics
-enencapsulated
-cells are different from original tissues
-bad prognosis
-uncontrollable growth
-not curable
-considered cancer
89
3 metastasis routes
1. Lymphatic system
2. Bloodstream (hematogenous spread)
3. Seeding of surfaces of body cavities (close by)
90
"Oma"
Benign tumors from Mesenchymal cells (from connective tissue, bone & muscles) add “oma”
91
Fibroma
from fibroblasts
92
Chondroma
from cartilage
93
Lipoma
from adipose tissue
94
Leiomyoma
from smooth muscle
95
Rhabdomyoma
from striated muscle cells
96
Osteoma
from bone
97
Adenoma
epithelial cells (glands & ducts)
98
"Sarcoma"
Malignant tumors of mesenchymal cells are named from root of cell type plus “sarcoma”
99
TNM T=, N=, M=
T = size of primary tumor
N = presence/ absence of lymph node involvement
M = distant metastasis
100
Grading: I=, II=, III=
GRADE I = well differentiated cells (benign)
GRADE II = moderately well differentiated cells
GRADE III = undifferentiated cells (malignant)
101
4 viral pathologies that are linked to cancer
-Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
-Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
-Hepatitis B Virus
-Human T-Cell Lymphoma/leukemia (HTLV)
102
Bacterial infection of skin, blisters, very contagious
Bullous Impetigo
103
Same as above (bullous impetigo) only no blisters
Non-bullous impetigo
104
Infection that crusts over an ulcer, deeper form of impetigo
Ecthyma
105
Infection In lower layers of skin
Cellulitis
106
Infection in upper layer of skin
Erysipelas
107
Infection of a hair follicle
Folliculitis
108
Also known as a boil
Furuncle
109
Many furuncles together
Carbuncle
110
Chronic inflammation of hair follicular epithelium causing blockages, painful lumps (pustules & nodules)
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
111
Infectious fungus or mycosis, lives off keratin
Dermatophytosis
112
TINEAS
-tinea capitis – scalp
-tinea corporis – general body regions
-tinea pedis – foot
-tinea cruris – groin
-tinea barbae – neck
-tinea faciale – face
-tinea unguium – nails (toe or hand)
-tinea manus – hand
-tinea versicolour – does not cause itching
113
Tiny insects or parasites that live in skin with hair & feed of blood
Lice (capitis, corporis, pubis)
114
Leaves wavy trails
Mites / scabies
115
Viral infection of skin causing warts, spreads through skin-to-skin contact
Viral Molluscum Contagiosum
116
Hair follicle with sebaceous gland obstruction & clogging
Acne Vulgaris
-Cuti bacterium
117
Skin irritation with erythema, pustules and telangiectasis over malar areas
Acne Rosacea
-Telangiectasia (redness, small widened blood vessels)
118
Shaving rash
Pseudofolliculitis Barbae (shaving rash or razor bumps)
119
Hair loss
Alopecia
120
Chronic scaly silver-coloured patches caused by overgrowth of the epidermis
Psoriasis
121
Inflammatory reaction to drugs, target shaped lesions
Erythema Multiforme
122
Much more severe version of Erythema Multiforme
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
123
Allergic contact (dermatitis)
sensitization, 48-72 hours later, intense itch, red, vesicles
124
Nummular dermatitis
itch, red rash over trunk & butt, vesicles, scales, coin shaped lesions
125
Stasis (venous) dermatitis
underlying vascular condition, poor circulation
126
Primary irritant contact
chemical damage, edema, red, scale, itch, burn, sting
127
Dermatitis seborrheic
irritation of sebaceous glands (dandruff), itch, burn
128
Perioral dermatitis
around mouth & also on face
129
Atopic Dermatitis
childhood, itch, red lichenification
130
Neurodermatitis scales
one intensely itchy patch, causes itch cycle, thick
131
Phototoxic or photoallergic leathery skin (dermatitis)
irritation from sunlight UVA
132
Basal cell carcinoma
skin cancer of basal cells
133
Basosquamous cell carcinoma
skin cancer of squamous cells of skin
134
Malignant melanoma
skin cancer develops from pigment producing cells in skin called melanocytes
135
Skin tags: also called...
Cutaneous Papilloma (Skin Tag or Acrochordon)
136
Urticaria: also called...
Hives
137
Hard thickened areas from too much friction often on feet
Corns
138
Same as corns only larger area
Callus
139
Bony bump at base of MTP joint
Bunion
140
Genetic disorder causing dry thickened scaly skin, a slowing of the skins shedding process
Ichthyosis (Vulgaris)
141
Skin loses pigment in an irregular pattern
Vitiligo
142
First degree burn affects...
DERMIS only affected
143
Second degree burn affects...
DERMIS & part of EPIDERMIS
144
Third degree burn affects...
DERMIS, EPIDERMIS &
145
A raised scar that is larger than original wound
Keloid
146
A raised scar that is same size as original wound
Hypertrophic
147
Pharyngitis
cold or flu viruses or bacteria (group A streptococcus)
148
Laryngitis
respiratory infection, strain from yelling, reflux disease
149
Laryngeal cancer
smoking, drinking, occupational exposure, toxic substances, reflux disease
150
Common cold
Rhinovirus
151
Infectious mononucleosis
Epstein Bar virus
152
Sinusitis
viral or bacterial upper respiratory infection
153
Influenza
influenza virus strains A, B, or C
154
Inflammation of the pleural membranes
Pleurisy (Pleuritis)
155
Collapsed lung: also called...
Pneumothorax
156
Air sacs & bronchioles fill with fluid, debris & cellular waste inflammation
Pneumonia
157
Build up of excess fluid between pleural membranes
Pleural effusion
158
High blood pressure that affects arteries of lungs
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
159
Excess fluid in air sac of lungs
Pulmonary edema
160
Respiratory system fails to maintain gas exchange at alveolar membrane
TYPE 1 Respiratory Failure
161
Respiratory system fails to maintain respiratory pump
TYPE 2 Respiratory Failure
162
Contagious lung infection that is encapsulated in a tubercle & forms caseous necrosis
Tuberculosis (TB)
163
Causes 80-90% of all lung cancers
Tobacco smoke
164
Group of respiratory diseases that cause obstruction of airflow
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
165
Inflammation of bronchial mucosa, causing swelling hypersecretion of mucus
Chronic bronchitis (COPD)
166
What is a blue bloater
Chronic bronchitis
“Blue bloater” – named from bluish color (cyanosis) of lips & skin (from lack of oxygen), as well as edema commonly seen in persons suffering from chronic bronchitis
167
Permanent enlargement and destruction of alveoli
Emphysema (COPD)
168
What is a pink puffer
Emphysema
“Pink puffer” – named from reddish or pink complexion & puffing seen in emphysema
169
Barrel chest, tripod position, clubbing of fingers found in
Emphysema (COPD)
170
Bronchiole smooth mm are in spasm
Asthma (COPD)
170
Irritating dust particles cause interstitial lung disease
Pneumoconiosis (COPD)
171
Weakened bronchiole walls form outpouchings or sacs that fill
Bronchiectasis (COPD)
172
Common lung infection in children causing inflammation of the bronchioles
Bronchiolitis
173
Genetic disorder causing hypersecretion of mucus, saliva & digestive juices producing cells
Cystic Fibrosis
174
Upper airway is obstructed while sleeping causing hypoxia
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
175
A clot occludes pulmonary artery partially or completely
Pulmonary embolism
176
Where does a pulmonary embolism originate
In veins of lower extremity (DVT)
& works its way back up to heart & into first narrowing, pulmonary artery in lungs
177
Reduced blood flow to myocardium causing chest pain, treated with nitroglycerin
Angina Pectoris
178
Myocardium damage due to hypoxia, often caused by a blockage
Myocardial ischemia
179
Abnormal heartbeat caused by conduction system impairment
Arrhythmias or Dysrhythmias
180
Device that helps control abnormal heart beats
Pacemaker
181
Inability of heart to pump blood to meet bodys' demands
Congestive Heart Failure
182
Left sided heart failure produces… (congestive heart failure)
Congestion in lungs
(Left ventricle can’t pump out to aorta)
183
Right sided heart failure produces… (congestive heart failure)
Congestion in liver
(Right ventricle can’t pump out to lungs)
184
Develops after untreated post-streptococcal throat infection
Rheumatic fever
185
If Rheumatic fever effects the heart valves, causes damage called
Vegetations – abnormal growths made of fibrin, platelets & bacteria
186
dilated heart mm
dilated left ventricle, decreases heart’s contractility so blood is pumped less forcefully, predisposes to thrombi & emboli
187
hypertrophic heart mm
thickening of left ventricle, interferes with heart’s ability to expand & fill up before contraction
188
restricted heart mm
myocardium becomes rigid & less elastic, also interferes with heart’s ability to expand & fill up before contraction
189
Enlarged right ventricle due to pulmonary artery hypertension
Cor Pulmonale
190
Osler’s nodes
painful red nodules on fingers
(endocarditis)
191
Infection of the interior lining of heart, affecting heart valves
Endocarditis (infective endocarditis)
192
Most common cause for this pathology: coxsackie enterovirus, common cold virus, Covid 19, hep B and C and parasites
Myocarditis
193
An increase in fluid in the pericardial sac
Pericarditis
194
Narrowing of the bicuspid valve caused by rheumatic fever
Mitral stenosis (bicuspid valve stenosis)
195
Causes of: congenital, calcification of valve, rheumatic fever
Aortic stenosis
196
Interrupted blood supply causing ischemia & hypoxia, tissues dies in 20 minutes
Myocardial infarction / heart attack
197
Common causes of myocardial infarction (heart attack)
1.Thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis
2.Thromboemboli
3.Vasospasm (often from drugs)
198
Heart stops, loss of consciousness, sudden collapse:
Cardiac arrest
199
Formation of a blood clot in an arterial wall
Thrombosis
200
Define Virchow's triad
3 factors cause thrombosis/ thrombus formation/ thrombophlebitis (DVT) – “Virchow’s triad”
1) endothelial cell injury
2) blood stasis
3) hypercoagulability of the blood
201
Floating matter in our bloodstream that doesn't belong and may occlude an artery
Embolism
202
Hardening of smaller arteries
Arteriosclerosis
203
Most common form of Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
204
Four most common forms of Atherosclerosis
Coronary artery disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Atherosclerosis of the aorta (causing aortic aneurysm)
Peripheral artery disease
205
Endothelial injury of an artery wall with a fatty streak made of lipids, cholesterol and other cells
Atherosclerosis
206
Modifiable risk factors of Atherosclerosis
Obesity, elevated LDLs, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes & hypertension
207
Atherosclerosis of arteries surrounding heart
Coronary Artery Disease
208
Surgeons use a healthy vein from elsewhere in the body and use it to bypass a blocked artery of the heart
Coronary Bypass
209
Peripheral pulses distal to occluded blood vessels are absent
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
210
Called the "SILENT KILLER"
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
211
What is normal blood pressure
120/180
212
What is low blood pressure
Below 90/60
213
Blood vessel wall weakness that forms a pouch
Aneurysm
214
Aneurysm in head called
Cerebral Aneurysm – may cause headache/ stroke
215
Aneurysm in abdomen
Abdominal Aneurysm – may result in abdominal or back pain with a palpable pulsing mass in abdomen
216
Aneurysm in thoracic causes
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or difficulty breathing (dyspnea)
217
Type of stroke, 80% of all
Ischemic – CVA / stroke
218
Type of stroke, liquifies brain tissue
Hemorrhagic
219
Sudden drop in blood pressure causing lightheadedness, after standing up
Orthostatic Hypotension or Postural Hypotension
220
Colors of skin, often in hands: White, blue and red
Raynaud Disease or Syndrome or Phenomenon
221
Young man who is a smoker: inflammation of small to medium arteries in extremities
Thromboangiitis Obliterans (TAO) or Buerger’s Disease
222
Inflammation of a vein
Phlebitis
223
Where does a DVT come from?
a) venous stasis from prolonged inactivity
b) trauma to venous wall from IV or chemicals
c) increased blood hypercoagulability
224
Where does a DVT occlude or block?
May lodge in pulmonary artery causing a pulmonary embolism, which is life threatening
225
Dilated, twisted veins due to damaged wall & incompetent valves
Varicose veins
226
Life threatening condition, where body does not get enough blood or oxygen & nutrients, has many types
Circulatory Shock (fluid & hemodynamic pathologies)
227
Takayasu arteritis (type of vessel affected)
large vessels (aorta & large branches)
228
Giant Cell arteritis or Temporal arteritis (type of vessel affected)
infection of superficial temporal artery & other arteries that supply head, eyes & jaw
229
Polyarteritis nodosa (type of vessel affected)
medium sized vessels, may affect CNS, PNS, kidneys, GI tract, muscles & heart
230
Etiology of infective arteries
Unknown, autoimmune disorder
231
Nitrogen dissolves too quickly in blood & forms bubbles that act like an embolism
Decompression illness
232
Limitation of blood flow due to pressure causing necrosis and tissue death
Etiology of: Decubitus Ulcers (bed sores, or pressure ulcers)
233
Autoimmune disease where immune cells attack the walls of blood vessels causing inflammation
Vasculitis
234
Most serious complication in diabetes causing mortality affecting basement membrane in capillary beds
Diabetic Microangiopathy
235
2 most common causes is gallstones & alcohol abuse
Pancreatitis – acute & chronic
236
Cancer with highest mortality rate (92%)
Pancreatic cancer
237
TYPE 1 diabetes characteristics
-10% of all cases
-insulin dependent
-autoimmune disease
-sudden onset
-must inject insulin
-body shape is small & thin
-common in children
238
TYPE 2 diabetes characteristics
-linked to obesity & sedentary lifestyle
-body shape is obese
-common in over 40 age group
-often preventable
-beta cells destroyed
-3 P's
-gradual onset
-90% of all cases
-insulin receptors insensitive
239
Lack of digestive enzymes often caused by cystic fibrosis
Pancreatic Insufficiency
240
Hypersecretion of cells that produce mucus, saliva, sweat & digestive juices
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
241
Sodium faulty transport produces dehydration causing
Primary Aldosteronism Conn’s Syndrome
242
Hypercortisolism
Excessive amounts of cortisol in blood – Cushing’s Syndrome
243
Hypocortisolism
Addison’s disease – adrenal insufficiency
244
Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood
Gigantism (hypopituitary disorder)
245
Hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood
Acromegaly
246
Pituitary gland sits in the...
Pituitary gland sits & fills in sella turcica
247
Pituitary gland is squashed by...
cerebrospinal fluid
248
Often Empty Sella Syndrome does not affect the function of the...
Pituitary gland
249
A tumor in adrenal cortex, affecting aldosterone production causing overproduction & affecting salt & potassium
Primary Aldosteronism – Conn’s Syndrome
250
Autoimmune disease that causes hyperactivity of the thyroid gland
Hyperthyroidism – Graves disease
251
2 special items for Graves disease
beta-blockers and anti-thyroidal drugs
252
First ever autoimmune disease discovered
Hashimoto’s disease
253
Imbalance in calcium metabolism
Hyperparathyroidism
