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PATHOLOGY I > quiz #4 - cardiovascular > Flashcards

quiz #4 - cardiovascular Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain caused by reduced blood supply to heart, can also be symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD)

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2
Q

stable angina

A

-most prevalent
-predictable pattern
-triggered by emotional stress, cold temperatures or physical exertion
-resolves with rest or nitroglycerin

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3
Q

unstable angina

A

-may signal imminent heart attack
-not in a predictable pattern
-not triggered by above
-prolonged pain at rest
-does not resolve with rest or nitroglycerin

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4
Q

variable angina

A

-coronary artery spasm narrows lumen
-reduces blood supply to heart muscle
-pain reduced by medication

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5
Q

myocardial ischemia

A

-blood flow to heart reduced causing mm myocardial tissue to be depleted of oxygen
-usually due to partial/ complete blockage of artery
-heart unable to pump blood may lead to abnormal heart rhythms/ myocardial infarction/ heart attack
*most common cause of angina

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6
Q

arrhythmias / dysrhythmias

A

dysfunction of heart’s conduction system creating abnormal heartbeat or rhythm

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7
Q

too fast - arrhythmias

A

over 100 = tachycardia

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8
Q

too slow - arrhythmias

A

under 50 = bradycardia

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9
Q

normal - arrhythmias

A

50-100 beats per minutes

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10
Q

what does an abnormal heart rate do?

A

reduces the heart’s efficiency and it’s pumping capability

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11
Q

arrhythmia

A

variation in normal rhythm

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12
Q

dysrhythmia

A

abnormal disturbed rhythm

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13
Q

pacemaker

A

small device placed in chest under skin to help control abnormal heart rhythms

uses electrical impulses to stimulate heart to beat at normal rate

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14
Q

congestive heart failure

A

inability of heart to pump blood to meet body’s demands

blood backs up & congests ventricles of the heart (60% of time it is on the LEFT side of heart) or lungs

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15
Q

left-sided heart failure (left ventricle can’t pump out to aorta): clinical features

A

congestion in lungs, pulmonary congestion & edema, shortness of breath, coughing (may produce foamy, frothy pink-tinged sputum), awaking in panic gasping for air, fatigue, exercise intolerance, cold intolerance, dizziness and tachycardia

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16
Q

right-sided heart failure (right ventricle can’t pump out to the lungs): clinical features

A

congestion in liver (liver enlarges-hepatomegaly), GI tract & lower extremities
-heart may enlarge-cardiomyopathy, venous congestion & distension in jugular vein, abdominal ascites
-spleen may enlarge-splenomegaly, may also progress to renal failure

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17
Q

rheumatic fever

A

-rare inflammatory condition, develops after untreated streptococcal throat infection (usually group A)
-may cause autoimmune reaction that can cause damage to heart, joints, CNS or skin -mostly in children 5-15 yrs & only in susceptible people

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18
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

after rheumatic fever infection (strep throat), infection can manifest in all three layers of heart (endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis)
-endocarditis may lead to valve damage = vegetations

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19
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

disease of heart muscle that changes in myocardium, associated with inadequate heart pumping - ay lead to heart failure
-3 types: dilated, hypertrophic, restricted

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20
Q

dilated (cardiomyopathy)

A

dilated left ventricle, decreases heart’s contractility so blood is pumped less forcefully, predisposes to thrombi & emboli

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21
Q

hypertrophic (cardiomyopathy)

A

thickening of left ventricle, interferes with heart’s ability to expand & fill up before contraction

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22
Q

restricted (cardiomyopathy)

A

myocardium becomes rigid & less elastic, also interferes with heart’s ability to expand & fill up before contraction

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23
Q

cor pulmonale

A

right ventricle becomes enlarged & eventually dysfunctional due to pulmonary artery hypertension
-causes right ventricular failure, usually chronic

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24
Q

endocarditis (infective endocarditis)

A

infection & then inflammation of interior lining of heart (endocardium) from bacterial infection

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25
myocarditis
-inflammation of heart mm/ myocardium caused by infection of viruses/ parasites, related to cardiomyopathy -may affect myocardium & heart’s conduction system
26
pericarditis
-inflammation of pericardium surrounding heart -causes a fluid build up in pericardial space which can compress heart -pericardial layers may become adhesed, impairs function
27
mitral stenosis (bicuspid (mitral) valve stenosis)
narrowing of bicuspid valve, causing abnormal opening & blocking blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle
28
aortic stenosis
narrowing of aortic valve, preventing valve from opening, fully reducing or blocking blood flow into aorta & onward to rest of body
29
myocardial infarction - heart attack
heart attack, death of myocardial tissue from interrupted blood supply causing ischemia & hypoxia, tissue dies in 20 min & does not regenerate, infarcted tissue
30
what 3 things cause coronary artery blockages which disrupt the heart’s blood supply?
1. thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis 2. thromboemboli 3. vasospasm (often from drugs)
31
cardiac arrest
heart stops, stops all cardiac output, stops blood pumping through circulation depriving body tissues of oxygen & allowing waste products to build up
32
cardiovascular pathologies - thrombosis
-formation of blood clot in arterial wall -clot made of blood cells in a fibrin network
33
three factors cause thrombosis: known as “Virchow’s Triad”
1. endothelial cell injury 2. blood stasis 3. hypercoaguability of blood
34
cardiovascular pathologies Embolism
embolus may be any floating matter in bloodstream, if it occludes/ blocks a vessel = embolism may be venous or arterial depending on where embolus is flowing
35
arteriosclerosis
“hardening” of smaller arteries, process of deposits on inside lining of arteries that causes walls of artery to thicken & lose elasticity
36
atherosclerosis
type of arteriosclerosis, made of fatty plaques that form on inside of middle to large size arteries
37
4 named localized forms of atherosclerosis
-coronary artery disease -cerebrovascular disease -atherosclerosis of the aorta (causing aortic aneurysm) -peripheral artery disease
38
coronary artery disease
-atherosclerosis in coronary arteries -plaque deposits that forms fatty streak which narrows lumen & reduces blood flow to myocardium -fatty streak made of lipids, cholesterol, other cells
39
coronary bypass
surgeons use healthy vein from leg, an artery in chest or artery in wrist to bypass occluded vessel in heart
40
peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
-atherosclerosis of peripheral artery causing narrowed lumen & reduced blood supply -usually affects arteries of legs & feet
41
hypertension (high blood pressure)
“silent killer”: asymptomatic until severe -persistently high BP, very common -normal BP is 120/80, if over 140 = hypertension
42
primary hypertension
90 % of cases, not linked to underlying disease
43
secondary hypertension
5-10 % of cases, results of coexisting disease (sleep apnea, kidney, thyroid, medications, drugs)
44
malignant hypertension
severe, uncontrollable, rapidly progressing
45
hypotension (low blood pressure)
low BP, usually asymptomatic, below 90/60 is = low
46
aneurysm
blood vessel wall weakness forms pouch outward enlarging artery -also creating thrombus formation & later embolus *most common = abdominal aortic aneurysm
47
2 types of aneurysm's
TRUE: weakness & damage involves all 3 arterial layers FALSE: tear in artery, blood collects just outside wall but remains in surrounding tissues
48
thoracic aneurysm
may cause difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or difficulty breathing (dyspnea)
49
abdominal aneurysm
may result in abdominal or back pain with palpable pulsing mass in abdomen
50
cerebral aneurysm
may cause headaches or a stroke
51
cerebrovascular accident - CVA or stroke
disruption of blood flow into cerebrum or brain, causing infarction of brain tissue within minutes 20% of all CVA’s die within 2 days, other 80% have variable complications from mild to severe
52
ischemic - cerebrovascular accident
80% of all, artery is occluded by a thrombus or embolus (atherosclerosis) *common cause: atherosclerosis
53
hemorrhagic - cerebrovascular accident
20% of all, artery ruptured & is bleeding directly into brain tissue, blood liquefies brain tissue on contact leaving behind mushy filled cavity of dead brain tissue -involves larger area of brain & more severe *common cause: hypertension/ cerebral aneurysm
54
orthostatic hypotension or postural hypotension
form of low BP/ sudden drop in BP -causing lightheadedness & loss of balance -from sitting up/ standing up after laying down for long time, systolic BP drops by 20 & diastolic BP drops by 10
55
acute - orthostatic hypotension or postural hypotension
slow reaction time for regulatory mechanisms that compensate in postural changes, common with elderly & causes falls
56
chronic - orthostatic hypotension or postural hypotension
may be related to underlying disease like Diabetes, Parkinson’s or Addison’s Disease
57
raynaud disease/ syndrome/ phenomenon
arterial vasospasms in superficial tissues of fingers & toes, (may also affect tip of nose, ears, parts of cheek& tongue) -they are periodic & temporary
58
thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) or Buerger’s disease
rare pathology, inflammation of small to medium sized arteries in extremities, sometimes include nearby veins & nerves causing them to swell -damages skin tissues
59
cardiovascular pathologies - blood Vessel pathologies - venous (3 types)
-phlebitis -thrombophlebitis (deep vein thrombosis, thromboembolic disease, venous thrombosis) -varicose Veins
60
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein, usually in extremities, but could be anywhere
61
thrombophlebitis (DVT)
inflammation of vein with formation of a thrombus that restricts blood flow, can be in superficial or deep veins
62
3 causes of DVT
1. venous stasis 2. vessel wall injury 3. hypercaogulable blood
63
varicose veins
-veins dilated & twisted because of damaged walls & incompetent valves -usually irreversible, causes varicosities to form where blood flow is slow & turbulent -affect superficial / deep veins -spider veins = superficial varicose veins -most often in lower extremities, may also form in esophagus & rectum

PATHOLOGY I (17 decks)

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