quiz #4 - hints Flashcards
(57 cards)
LUNG CANCER (causes)
-tobacco smoke contains carcinogens & is cause of 80-90% of all lung cancers
-second hand smoke increases risk by 30%
-environmental/ occupational exposure to silica, coal dust, radon, vinyl chloride or asbestos
SINUS INFECTION (causes)
-viral/ bacterial upper respiratory tract infection
-may be caused by allergens, atmospheric changes or polyps
PNEUMONIA (causes)
-75% bacterial
-also viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites or inhalation of a toxin or aspiration of vomitus
PULMONARY EDEMA (causes)
congestive heart failure, heart attack, damaged valves, pneumonia, kidney failure
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (causes)
- Thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis
- Thromboemboli
- Vasospasm (often from drugs)
LARYNGITIS (signs & syptoms)
loss of voice, hoarseness, fever, painful swallowing (dysphagia), dry scratchy throat, coughing and sneezing
ASTHMA (signs & symptoms)
-wheezing, prolonged expiration, shortness of breath, sensation of chest tightness & coughing with mucus (worse at night & early morning)
-cyanosis (bluish skin color) or pallor (paleness/ lack of skin color)
-may be anxious/ unable to speak more than few words without stopping to breathe
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (signs & symptoms) - left & right
LEFT: congestion in lungs, pulmonary congestion & edema
RIGHT: congestion in liver (liver enlarges-hepatomegaly), GI tract & lower extremities
RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE (signs & symptoms)
shortness of breath, dry cough, tachycardia, lower extremity edema, fatigue, low fever, loss of appetite, nosebleeds, chest pain, nodules on skin, red rash on chest, back & abdomen
CARDIAC ARREST (signs & symptoms)
loss of consciousness, sudden collapse
EMPHYSEMA (signs & symptoms)
shortness of breath, wheezing with prolonged expiration
-barrel chest
-tripod position
-clubbing of fingers
=PINK PUFFER
CYSTIC FIBROSIS (signs & symptoms)
-overproduction of thick mucus, causes chronic obstruction, inflammation & infection of respiratory tract
-cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, barrel chest & clubbing of fingernails & toenails
-frequent lung infections, poor growth, male infertility
-bulky, foul-smelling stools, poor nutrition & small stature
PULMONARY EMBOLISM (signs & symptoms)
-symptoms do not show up until embolism has lodged in a vessel, clinical signs depend on size of clot & where it is
SMALL: coughing, shortness of breath & mild, transient chest pain
LARGER: shortness of breath & chest pain intensifies with deep breathing/ while coughing
PNEUMOCONIOSIS (signs & symptoms)
similar to chronic bronchitis
-coughing, sore throat, wheezing, shortness of breath, tightness in chest, weight loss, fever, finger clubbing & fatigue
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
inflammation of bronchial mucosa causing swelling & hypersecretion of mucus, impairs ciliary action & narrows airways, causing irreversible fibrotic changes in bronchial lining
→ children of parents who smoke are at risk for developing chronic bronchitis
=”blue bloater”
EMPHYSEMA
permanent enlargement of lower airways with destruction of alveolar walls, less stretchable
-obstruction of airflow caused by lung tissue damage not mucus overproduction & inflammation
-affects mostly alveoli & distal branches of bronchioles
= “pink puffer”
PNEUMOCONIOSIS (COPD)
Interstitial lung disease caused by irritating dust particle inhalation – develops gradually over long period of time – dust deposits into tissues causing chronic inflammation, fibrosis & infection
-occupational (8 hours day, 5 days week) tissues can not remove all dust particles so they accumulate – separate diseases named by dust particle:
ASBESTOS: most common type of pneumoconiosis
ANTHRACOSIS: coal dust, also called “Black Lung” disease
SILICOSIS: crystalline silica dust
BRONCHIECTASIS (COPD)
Irreversible dilation of bronchi from infection or inflammation of airways, weakens bronchial walls – sacs form in weakened areas & fill up with fluid → become stagnant pools of mucus & breed bacteria & infection, obstructing airflow
CYSTIC FIBROSIS (COPD)
progressive genetic disorder, causes hypersecretion of cells that produce mucus, saliva & digestive juices
OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA (COPD)
just obstruction, not really a disease
-temporary cessation of breathing (lasting 15 seconds)
-more often in men than women
-hypoxia common
RAYNAUD’S (disease/ syndrome/ phenomenon)
arterial vasospasms in superficial tissues of fingers & toes, (may also affect tip of nose, ears, parts of cheek & tongue) – periodic & temporary
-primary = Raynaud’s Disease (most common)
-secondary to another disease (scleroderma , SLE, carpal tunnel, smoking, medications) = Raynaud’s Syndrome/ Phenomenon
BUERGER’S DISEASE (Thromboangiitis Obliterans (TAO))
rare pathology, inflammation of small to medium sized arteries in extremities, sometimes nearby veins & nerves causing them to swell
-damages skin tissues
-thrombi form easily causing occlusions
-most commonly affects young men before age 35
-smokers
VARICOSE VEINS (characteristics)
veins dilated & twisted because of damaged walls & incompetent valves
-usually irreversible, causes varicosities to form where blood flow is slow & turbulent favoring clotting, thrombus formation or thrombophlebitis
-in lower extremities, may form in esophagus & rectum
PHLEBITIS (characteristics)
-inflammation of a vein, usually in extremities, could be anywhere
-caused by venous stasis, after acute infection, surgery, childbirth, prolonged sitting, immobilization, injection of medications directly into a vein
-poor circulation
-pain, swelling, hot or cold to touch, cord-like mass develops under skin
