inflammtion - KAHOOT & HINTS

Question 1

what is one cardinal sign of inflammation?

Answer 1

heat & redness

Question 2

what can cause inflammation?

Answer 2

infection
thorn
heat/ burn

Question 3

T/F - endorphins are released into bloodstreams by platelets & mast cells in response to injury?

Answer 3

FALSE
=histamines released

Question 4

what cell is most prominent in allergic & parasitic reactions?

Answer 4

eosinophils

Question 5

T/F - RBCs are directly involved with inflammation

Answer 5

FALSE
cells involved: neutrophils, PMNs, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages, platelets

Question 6

phagocytosis is…

Answer 6

a process where macrophages engulf & digest foreign objects

Question 7

what type of inflammation produces exudate rich in fibrin?

Answer 7

fibrinous

Question 8

T/F - a popped blister is an example of purulent inflammation

Answer 8

FALSE

Question 9

5 stages of deep wound healing in order

Answer 9

inflammatory, migratory, proliferative, maturation, scar formation

Question 10

a keloid scar…

Answer 10

is elevated & exceeds boundary of original wound

Question 11

T/F - intrinsic & extrinsic pathways both merge to form fibrin which then turns into fibrin clot

Answer 11

FALSE
= prothrombinase then prothrombin → thrombin → fibrin thread → fibrin clot

Question 12

purpose of inflammation

Answer 12

Start the healing process
FUNCTION: protective role
-inactivate injurious agent
-breakdown & remove dead cells
-initiate healing of tissues

Question 13

Cardinal signs/ symptoms of inflammation

Answer 13

Heat: Vasodilation & increased blood flow
Erythema (redness): Vasodilation & increased blood flow
Edema (swelling): Too much fluid & cells leak into interstitial spaces – imbalance
Pain/ tenderness: Direct trauma, bradykinins, histamines, swelling of nerves
Loss of use/ dysfunction: Joint, ligament, mm, tendon damage

Question 14

Causes of inflammation

Answer 14

Infections: bacteria, virus, fungus, protozoa, worms
Chemical: industrial, medicinal, exogenous & endogenous
Physical: heat, irradiation, trauma
Foreign bodies: thorn, bee sting
Immune: hypersensitivity reactions

Question 15

HISTAMINES

Answer 15

released from platelets & mast cells, stimulates endothelial cells to contract making gaps between them wider & leakier

Question 16

BRADYKININ

Answer 16

released from plasma, slower reaction, accounts for pain with inflammation

Question 17

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

Answer 17

proteins activated (by 3 different things) in cascade that forms membrane attack complex (MAC) that kills cell but also causes more histamine release

Question 18

ARACHIDONIC ACID

Answer 18

leukotrienes (promote chemotaxis & increased permeability) & prostaglandins (vasodilation, increased permeability, mediates pain & fever)

Question 19

CYTOKINES

Answer 19

produced by leukocytes (WBCs)
-Interleukin-1: promotes inflammatory reaction
-Tumor Necrosis factor (TNF)

Question 20

NEUTROPHILS / POLYMORPHONUCLEAR cells (PMNs)

Answer 20

60-70% of all WBCs – most numerous, first to arrive, highly mobile, phagocytes (engulfing cells), contain bactericidal lysosomes, produce cytokines

Question 21

EOSINOPHILS

Answer 21

2-3% of all WBCs, arrive 2-3 days after, phagocytes, bactericidal, in chronic, in allergies & parasitic reactions

Question 22

BASOPHILS

Answer 22

less than 1%, IgE reactions, release histamine, morph into mast cells

Question 23

MACROPHAGES

Answer 23

arrive 3-4 days after onset, in chronic, derived from monocytes, in tissues NOT blood stream, phagocytes, secrete cytokines that produce inflammatory mediators

Question 24

PLATELETS / THROMBOCYTES

Answer 24

early to arrive with PMNs, contain many substances: histamine, clotting proteins, growth factor – released if damage to endothelial lining/ ECM, cause coagulation

Question 25

complement system - activated in 3 ways

Answer 25

Classical pathway: activated by antibodies binding to antigens Alternative pathway: activated by bacteria endotoxins (fungi, snake venom etc.) that are carbohydrates on surface of bacteria Lectin pathway: activated by macrophages that digest bacteria that release chemicals that cause liver to produce lectins

Question 26

SEROUS (types of inflammation)

Answer 26

mildest form, early stages EXUDATE: clear fluid, no cells, lots of proteins Common: viral infections (herpes)

Question 27

FIBRINOUS (types of inflammation)

Answer 27

caused by severe inflammation, does not resolve easy EXUDATE: lots of proteins (fibrin), dead neutrophils Common: bacterial infections (strep throat)

Question 28

PURULENT (types of inflammation)

Answer 28

caused by pus forming bacteria, may accumulate & form an abscess EXUDATE: viscous, yellow fluid, dead PMNs, dead tissue, lytic enzymes Common: bacteria (streptococci, staphylococci)

Question 29

ULCERATIVE (types of inflammation)

Answer 29

on body surfaces or mucosa of hollow organs (stomach, small intestine), epithelial lining lost or ulcerated creating a hole

Question 30

PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS (types of inflammation)

Answer 30

combination of ulcerative, purulent & fibrinous EXUDATE: made of fibrin, pus & cellular debris form membrane on surface of ulcer Common: diphtheria (throat)

Question 31

GRANULOMATOUS (types of inflammation)

Answer 31

formation of granulomas made of T lymphocytes, macrophages & multinucleated giant cells that clump together into small nodules that destroy tissues over long period of time Common: tuberculosis, hypersensitivity reactions

Question 32

wound healing stages

Answer 32

-1st intention: clean wound edges close together -2nd intention: wound left open due to too much tissue damage, more scar & granulation tissue allowed to build up before closing wound -Delayed: wound left open

Question 33

CELLS in wound healing

Answer 33

Leukocytes, macrophages, connective tissue cells, epithelial cells, PMN’s. *macrophages are most important - stay long time & contribute by producing cytokines, growth factors, mediators, myofibroblasts, angioblasts, fibroblasts

Question 34

EXTRINSIC pathway

Answer 34

tissue damage, activated by presence of tissue factor (TF), releases thromboplastin & activates clotting factor VIII

Question 35

INTRINSIC pathway

Answer 35

blood vessel wall damage, activated by exposed collagen fibers in wall, activates clotting factor XIII

Question 36

clot formation - intrinsic & extrinsic pathway

Answer 36

require Ca2+ to produce prothrombinase then prothrombin → thrombin → fibrin thread → fibrin clot (scab)