Final Exam

Question 1

Define preemptive analgesia.

Answer 1

treating for pain before it occurs

Question 2

Define analgesia.

Answer 2

absence of sensibility to pain

Question 3

Define analgesic.

Answer 3

any method or drug that relieves pain

Question 4

Define deep pain.

Answer 4

pain originating in the tendons, joints, muscles and periosteum

Question 5

Define distress.

Answer 5

state in which the animal is unable to adapt to an altered environment/stimuli

Question 6

Define neuralgia.

Answer 6

pain exhibiting periodic intensification which extends along the course of one or more nerves

Question 7

Define pain.

Answer 7

perception of an unpleasant sensory/emotional experience that results from potential or actual tissue damage

Question 8

Define stoic.

Answer 8

indifferent to pain or pleasure

Question 9

What are siz observations of inferred pain in animals?

Answer 9

limp/altered gait
withdrawal of injured part
abnormal postures
distressed expression
looking at, licking, scratching, or kicking at the site of perceived pain
vocalizing

Question 10

What are peripheral pain receptors sensitive to?

Answer 10

mechanosensitive, thermosensative, chemosensitive

Question 11

Describe the peripheral pain pathway.

Answer 11

peripheral nerves -> spinal cord -> neuron in brain that conveys conscious sensation of pain

Question 12

Define spinal facilitation/wind up.

Answer 12

increase in activity of spinal neurons resuting in a prolonged phase of hyperalgesia

Question 13

In what animal has wind up pain been frequently noted?

Answer 13

cats

Question 14

What should be done to prevent wind up pain?

Answer 14

preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative analgesia in order to prevent establishment of pain and central sensitization

Question 15

Name four methods of pain control.

Answer 15

remove the primary cause
stimulate the release of endorphins
provide nursing care
analgesic drugs

Question 16

What are four methods that endorphin release may be stimulated?

Answer 16

acupuncture
transcutaneous electric nerve stim. (TENS)
massage
cold/heat application

Question 17

What are four methods of preemptive analgesia?

Answer 17

Preanesthetic Drugs
Epidural Anesthesia
Local Anesthetics
NSAIDs

Question 18

What is the mechanism of pain relief at the tissue level?

Answer 18

NSAIDs block production of prostaglandins

Question 19

What is the mechanism of pain relief at the peripheral/spinal level?

Answer 19

local anesthetics block transmission

Question 20

What is the mechanism of pain relief at the CNS level?

Answer 20

opioids and alpha-2 agonists block perception of pain; some NSAIDs have action here as well

Question 21

How do opioids work to provide analgesia?

Answer 21

acts on pain receptors in the spinal cord and brain

Question 22

What does preemptive opioid use diminish the occurance of?

Answer 22

wind up pain

Question 23

Name four opioids used for moderate-severe pain

Answer 23

Morphine
Oxymorphone
Hydromorphone
Fentanyl

Question 24

Name three opioids used for mild-moderate pain.

Answer 24

Meperidine
Butorphanol
Buprenorphine

Question 25

How do NSAIDs work to provide analgesia?

Answer 25

inhibit prostaglandin synthesis

Question 26

What types of pain are NSAIDs effective for?

Answer 26

somatic pain, some for visceral pain 30-60 minutes after admin

Question 27

What other benefit do most NSAIDs provide?

Answer 27

most are antiinflammitory and antipyretic

Question 28

Name nine NSAIDs.

Answer 28

``` Aspirin Acetominophen Ibuprofen Flunixin Ketoprofen Ketorolac (Toradol) Carprofen (Rimadyl) Meloxicam (Metacam, Mobic) Etodolac (EtoGesic) ```

Question 29

What are two NSAIDs that can be used for preemptive analgesia in healthy animals?

Answer 29

Carprofen | Meloxicam

Question 30

What are two adverse effects of acetominopen use in cats?

Answer 30

hepatotixicity and hemolytic anemia

Question 31

What are five adverse effects of NSAID use?

Answer 31

``` GI ulceration/hemorrhage renal toxicity liver damage antagonize action of certain drugs (ACE inhibitors, Diuretics) may impair platelet function ```

Question 32

What are two alpha-2 adrenergic agonists?

Answer 32

xylazine, medetomidine

Question 33

What must need to be prescribed when the patient goes home?

Answer 33

analgesic drugs for the post operative period

Question 34

Define euthanasia.

Answer 34

act of inducing painless death in animals

Question 35

Define death.

Answer 35

permanant abolition of CNS function

Question 36

What are nine factors affection selection of euthanasia method.

Answer 36

``` Species of animal Size and weight The animal’s behavior Type of physical restraint necessary Owner preference Skill of personnel and risk involved Number of animals to be euthanized Economics Facilities available ```

Question 37

What are four categories of euthanizing agents?

Answer 37

mechanical, chemical, electrical, gaseous

Question 38

What is the most common drug used for chemical euthanasia in domestic animals?

Answer 38

phenobarbitol sodium dosed at 50 mg/lb IV

Question 39

What three mechanisms do euthanasing agents produce death by?

Answer 39

hypoxia, depression of the CNS, and physical damage or concussion of the brain

Question 40

What are the eight evaluation criteria of acceptable methods of euthanasia?

Answer 40

Production of death without pain Immediate loss of consciousness, breathing, heart beat (peripheral pulse) Restraining capabilities; ability to minimize physical and psychological stress Reliability Safety to personnel Emotional effect on observers Economic considerations Equipment or drug availability/abuse potential

Question 41

What are the current standards/recommendations for small animal euthanasia?

Answer 41

IV catheter should be in place, the animal may be sedated/tranquilized first, and the owner should be allowed to be present if they choose

Question 42

What should a witness expect to see during a chemical euthanasia?

Answer 42

loss of consciousness occurs within seconds but reflex motor movement or sympatheric responses may occur, vocalization is rare but may occur, loss of bladder/bowel control is possible

Question 43

What are two agents for euthanasia via hypoxia?

Answer 43

carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide

Question 44

What consideration should be made for euthanasia via carbon monoxide hypoxia?

Answer 44

chamber is required; CO is hazardous to personell

Question 45

What are three methods of euthanasia via direct CNS depression?

Answer 45

Barbituric acid derivatives Anesthetic gases Chloral hydrate alone or in combo Acceptable for large animals after sedation

Question 46

What are four mechanical methods of euthanasia?

Answer 46

Gunshot or captive bolt Decapitation/cervical dislocation Electrocution Pithing