Introduction to Anesthesia

Question 1

Desirable properties of anesthesia and/or chemical restraint

Answer 1

convenient, safe, effective restraint that is inexpensive

with minimal stress, pain, discomfort, and toxic side effects

Question 2

General anesthesia

Answer 2

a reversible state of unconsciousness, immobility, muscle relaxation, and loss of sensation produced by the administration of one or more anesthetic agents

Question 3

Surgical anesthesia

Answer 3

stage of general anesthesia in which there is sufficient analgesia and muscle relaxation to allow surgery to be performed without patient pain/movement

Question 4

Analgesia

Answer 4

loss of sensitivity to pain

Question 5

Sedation

Answer 5

drug-induced CNS depression and drowsiness that varies in intensity from light to deep

Question 6

Tranquilization

Answer 6

drug-induced state of calm in which the patient is reluctant to move and is aware of but unconcerned about its surroundings

Question 7

Hypnosis

Answer 7

sleep-like state in which the patient can be aroused with sufficient stimulation

Question 8

Narcosis

Answer 8

drug-induced sleep from which the patient is not easily aroused, usually associated with the administration of narcotics

Question 9

Local anesthesia

Answer 9

loss of sensation in a small area of the body produced by the administration of a local anesthetic agent

Question 10

Topical anesthesia

Answer 10

loss of sensation of a localized area produced by the administration of a local anesthetic directly to a body surface

Question 11

Regional anesthesia

Answer 11

Loss of sensation in a limited region of the body produced by administration of an agent in proximity to sensory nerves

Question 12

Types of Anesthesia

by route of administration

Answer 12

IM/SQ
IV
Inhalation
Infiltration
Field block
Regional nerve block
Topical
Rectal
Epidural/Spinal
Intratesticular
Oral
Acupuncture

Question 13

veins used for IV anesthesia in the dog/cat

Answer 13

Cephalic
Jugular
Saphenous/Femoral

Question 14

veins used for IV anesthetic in the horse/cow/goat/sheep

Answer 14

Jugular

Coccygeal v. (cow – not common)

Question 15

period to withhold food in adult dogs/cats

Answer 15

12 hours, water 2 hours

Question 16

period to withold food in puppies/kittens < 3 months, toy breed dogs < 10 lbs, birds, pocket pets

Answer 16

short to no fast

Question 17

period to withhold food in horses

Answer 17

4-8 hours , do not withhold water

Question 18

period to withhold food in pigs

Answer 18

adults 8-12 hours, neonates 1-3 hours, do not withhold water

Question 19

period to withhold foot in large ruminants

Answer 19

12-36 hours, water 8-12 hours

Question 20

period to withhold food in small ruminants

Answer 20

12-24 hours, do not withhold water

Question 21

period to withhold food in calves, lambs, kids

Answer 21

2-4 hours

Question 22

reasons for IV catheterization

Answer 22

Easy administration of IV anesthetics
Good route for emergency drugs
Fluid therapy during surgery/recovery
Transfusion therapy prn

Question 23

routes of IV catherization

Answer 23

Dog – cephalic, jugular, saphenous v.
Cat – cephalic, jugular, femoral v.
Horse, Cow, Sheep – Jugular v.
Pig – Ear veins
Rabbit – Ear veins
Neonates – Medullary cavity

Question 24

risks of IV catheterization

Answer 24

Air embolism

Accidental over-hydration

Question 25

signs of accidental overhydration

Answer 25

ocular/nasal discharge; chemosis (edema/swelling of conjunctiva); increased lung sounds; increased respiratory rate; dyspnea)

Question 26

maintainence fluid administration rate for dogs

Answer 26

2 mL/kg/hr OR 30-45 ml/lb/24 hours

Question 27

maintainence fluid administration rate for small dogs/cats

Answer 27

4 ml/kg/hr OR 30-45 ml/lb/24 hours

Question 28

dehydration deficit

Answer 28

% dehydration X wt (kg) X 1000 = mL deficit | Replace ½ over 4-8 hr; remainder over rest of 24 hr. period

Question 29

fluid administration rate during anesthesia

Answer 29

2-10 mL/lb/hr with 5 mL/lb/hr most common

Question 30

fluids to replace blood loss

Answer 30

3 mL fluid/1 mL blood loss Total blood volume = 40 mL/lb If PCV > 20%; TP > 3.5 mg/dL

Question 31

blood to replace blood loss

Answer 31

``` If > 30% blood volume lost acutely If PCV < 15% - chronic anemia Administer 1mL blood/mL lost acutely One 3X3 gauze sponge holds 5-6 mL If donor PCV 40%, 1mL whole blood/lb raises PCV 1% in recipient ```

Question 32

rapid rehydration fluid administration rate for healthy dogs

Answer 32

40 mL/kg for 1 hr. w/ ½ in first 15 min. | Must then slow IV flow rates

Question 33

rapid rehydration fluid administration rate for cats

Answer 33

20 mL/kg for 1 hr. | Must then slow IV flow rates

Question 34

shock therapy fluid administration rate for dogs

Answer 34

Up to 90 mL/kg/hr max (40 mL/lb/hr)

Question 35

shock therapy fluid administration rate for cats

Answer 35

50-70 mL/kg/hr

Question 36

crystalloid IV fluid (water-based)

Answer 36

Normal saline – 0.9% NaCl Hypertonic saline – 3, 5, or 7% - For shock therapy, May give 3 mL/lb IV of 7% Lactated Ringer’s (LRS) - Balanced electrolytes Na, Cl, K, Ca Dextrose in water or added to saline or LRS - 2.5% or 5%

Question 37

colloid IV fluid

Answer 37

Not water based; higher specific gravity; contain molecules which do not cross vessel walls Plasma or blood Synthetic - Dextran, Hetastarch - Remain in circulation – draw fluids Blood substitutes - Oxyglobin, etc. - Contraindicated with renal or cardiac impairment