Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

SAM 2 scs RUSVM > Final: Liver and Pancreas > Flashcards

Final: Liver and Pancreas Flashcards

(68 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the liver?

A

Metabolic

Excretory

Synthetic

Storage

Detoxification

(MESS’D)

*Stressed in class*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The ________ delivers oxygenated blood into sinusoids of the liver.

The __________ delivers deoxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from GIT to sinusoids of the liver.

A

Hepatic artery (25% of total blood)

Hepatic Portal vein (75% of total blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is responsible for the absorption and digestion of fat and fat soluble vitamins (A, E, D, K)?

A

Bile acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens to cholesterol blood levels when the bile duct is obstructed?

A

They increase

(Bile is the major elimination route)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T/F: Anything that affects the blood flow from the hepatic artery or the hepatic portal vein (anemia, shock, heart failure, etc), can affect liver enzyme values.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which zone of the liver is most prone to hepatotoxins? Which is most prone to hypoxia?

A

Zone 1 (Area of portal triads)

Zone 3 (Area around central vein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where in the liver is plasma filtered?

A

Space of Disse (between hepatocytes and endothelial cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Biliary System:

Intrahepatic ducts -> ______ bile duct -> cystic duct -> ________

A

Common bile

Gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What cells located in sinusoids scavange bacteria and other foreign material in the liver?

A

Kupffer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

At what serum bilirubin level is bilirubinemia clinically detectable?

A

>2.0 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T/F: Bilirubinuria is always abnormal in the cat.

A

True

*Stressed in class*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Severe pancreatitis causing bile duct obstruction is what type of icterus (preheptatic, posthepatic, hepatic)?

A

Posthepatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Acute cholangitis is what type of icterus (preheptatic, posthepatic, hepatic)?

A

Hepatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of icterus (preheptatic, posthepatic, hepatic) is characterized by increased production of bilirubin with cholestasis? What are your main rule outs?

A

Prehepatic

R/O: Parasites, agglutination (Make blood smear), IMHA (Do Coomb’s test), FeLV

PCV usually <20%, regenerative hemolytic anemia, enzymes WNL or mildly elevated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of icterus (preheptatic, posthepatic, hepatic) is defined as impaired hepatic uptake, conjugation or excretion of bilirubin resulting in severe intrahepatic cholestasis? What are your main rule-outs?

A

Hepatic

R/O: Lipidosis, inflammatory hepatopathyies, extrahepatic infections (Toxoplasia, FIP), acetaminophen (toxins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

An increase of ____ times the upper reference range indicates mild elevation, it is moderate if it is ____ times the upper reference range, and marked if ____ times the upper reference range.

A

<5

5-10

>10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Match liver enzyme to liver site:

Hepatocyte membrane integrity

Hepatocyte or biliary epithelial necrosis

Cholestasis

Induction phenomenon (dogs)

ALT, AST, ALP, GGT

A

Hepatocyte membrane integrity and Hepatocyte or biliary epithelial necrosis: ALT, AST

Cholestasis and Induction phenomenon (dog): ALP, GGT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does ALP do when you administer steroids? What other drug does this to liver enzymes?

A

Increases

Phenobarbitol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What crystals can occur due to any cause of decreased hepatic function, including shunts and organ failure?

A

Ammonium biurate urinary crystals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What endocrine diseases cause elevated liver enzymes?

A

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)

Hyperthyroid

Hypothyroid

Diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hypoglycemia only occurs after approximately ___% of hepatic function is lost. It is the result of reduction in hepatic ______ stores, gluconeogenesis, and clearance of _____.

A

75

Glycogen

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bile acids are useful to diagnose what in dogs and cats?

A

PSS - dogs and cats

Cirrhosis- dogs

Value limited for screening of most other hepatobiliary diseases

*Stressed on slides/in lecture*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What diagnostic modality has the highest correlation with actual liver weight in dogs (include patient positioning)?

A

Right lateral abdominal rads

*Starred on slides*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can be used to determine liver size as well as for diagnosing hepatic mass lesins and PSS?

A

CT

*Starred on slides*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the best way to biospy a liver (according to Dr. Settles)?
Laparoscopic biopsy
26
What are the 3 most common causes of hepatic infections?
Leptospirosis (dogs) Tick-bourne infections Heartworm
27
T/F: The biliary system is predominatly affected in cats while the parenchyma of the liver is the primary target of liver disease in dogs.
True
28
T/F: Substantial weight loss is a predisposing factor for hepatic lipidosis in cats.
True (\>25% of body weight)
29
Which liver enzyme is usually the highest in cats with hepatic lipidosis?
**ALP** *(more than GGT or ALT)*
30
Which 2 cell types are abundant in the periportal area with inflammatory liver disease?
Lymphocytes Neutrophils
31
What are the 2 causes of "Steroid" vacuolar hepatopathy?
Iatrogenic steriods Cushing's disease
32
What element can accumulate in the liver with any cause of liver inflammation?
Copper
33
What does portal vein hypoplasia (PVH) without portal hypertension indicate? Do you usually treat this?
Microvascular dysplasia Usually no treatment needed
34
T/F: In the dog, the pancreatic duct fuses with the bile duct before the opening on the major duodenal papilla. 20% of dogs also have an accessory pancreatic duct.
FALSE, cats not dogs
35
Each pancreatic lobule is composed of ____ cells, which synthesized and store digestive enzymes, and a branching duct system, as well as endocrine ______ cells.
Acinar Langerhans
36
Which enzyme produced by the pancreas is cleared by gomerular filtration, when increased indicates renal disease especially in cats?
Amylase
37
Which of these ezymes digest protein? Carbs? Fat? Amylase Trypsin/Chemotrypsin Lipases Carboxypeptidase
_Protein:_ Trypsin/Chemotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase _Carbs:_ Amylase _Fat:_ Lipases *(incl. cholesterol lipase and phospholipase*
38
Enzymes sythesized by the pancreas are stored and secreted as inactive \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Zymogens
39
What develops when there is digestive enzyme activation and resultant pancreatic autodigestion?
Pancreatitis
40
Injury to which cell type leads to autodigestion of the pancreas?
Acinar cells
41
What are the principal mediators of pancreatic enzyme secretion?
Cholecystokinin Acetylcholine
42
What is the most important plasma protease inhibitor consumed when there is acute pancreatitis?
Alpha Macroglobulin
43
What are the clinical features of dogs with pancreatitis? Cats?
_Dogs:_ Anorexia, Vomiting, Weakness, Abdominal pain, Dehydration, Diarrhea _Cats:_ **Anorexia, Lethargy**, other vague non-specific signs
44
Why may you see bilirubin elevation in a cat with pancreatits?
Inflammation of pancreas causing common bile duct obstruction
45
T/F: Cats with spontaneous pancreatitis do not get elevated lipase.
True
46
What is the test for pancreatitis that uses pancreas-specific enzymes, may be increased with renal insufficiency and emaciation, and may not be evelated with severe cases?
Trypsin-like Immunoreactivity (TLI)
47
What is the most sensitive test for pancreatitis? Is the test better for dogs or cats?
Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity (PLI) Better for dogs
48
What is the test of choice for EPI?
TLI
49
Spec cPL (PLI) concentrations are significantly higher in dogs with which condition?
Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's)
50
T/F: Dogs with pancreatitis should be fed whenever possible. The diet should be ultra low in protein and if the patient is inappetent a feeding tube should be placed.
False, ultra low in FAT (otherwise statement is correct)
51
What can you do if your pancreatitis patient is consistently vomiting even with aggressive antiemetic therapy but you need to provide nutritonal support?
Jejunostomy tube
52
What is your treatment plan for a cat with pancreatitis who is dehydrated, hypokalemic, hypoglucemic, hypoalbuminemic, and acidemic? You have ruled out autoimmune pancreatitis.
**IVF + KCl + Dextrose + Bicarb** (_aggressive_ fluid therapy) **Ticarcillin/clav** and/or **Enrofloxacin** *(if this was a dog, prob no ABs)* **Corticosteroids** (Prednosolone) **Plasma** **Ranitidine** (or Famotidine, Omeprazole) **Cerenia** (or Maropitant, Metoclopramide, Ondansetron) **Analgesia**
53
What are 2 agents that modify free radical scavengers and may stabilize lysosomal and other membranes?
Selenium Omega 3 Fatty Acids
54
How many times ober normal must amylase/lipase be, in conjunction with other findings, for a diagnosis of pancreatitis?
3-5 times
55
How does the diet for a pancreatitis cat differ from the diet of a pancreatitis dog?
Do not restrict fat in cats
56
What is triaditis? What species has it been reported in?
Concurrent inflammation of the **pancreas**, **liver** and **small intestines** (based on histological confirmation) **Cats** (aka Feline Inflammatory Disease)
57
How much secretory capacity of the pancreas must be lost for a diagnosis of EPI?
90%
58
What are the 2 etiologies of Pancreatic acinar atrophy leading to EPI?
Genetic Immune Mediated \****Stressed/starred\****
59
What breeds are predisposed to EPI?
**German shephard** Rough Coat Collie Eurasians
60
Insufficient secretion and production of pancreatic enzymes, commonly caused by atrophy of _____ cells, leads to maldigestion. This characterizes EPI.
Acinar
61
What is the primary clinical sign of EPI? In which species may this be the only sign?
Weight loss Cats
62
What is the characteristic appearance of the stool of a dog with EPI?
Steatorrhea: loose, pale, oily, foul smelling
63
T/F: Dogs with EPI typically have a ravenous appetite with concurrent weight loss.
True
64
Can canine and feline TLI tests be used interchangeably?
No, species specific
65
What vitamin is often low in EPI and why?
B-12 Combination of malabsorption and maldigestion ***In cats treatment for EPI must be combined with cobalamin supplementation for a good resposne***
66
What is the major source of intrinsic factor in dogs? What is intrinsic factor's role?
Pancreas For B-12 absorption
67
Which 2 antibiotics, which also may have anti-inflammatory effects, can be used to help eliminate diarrhea associated with EPI? Which of these can be given longterm?
Tylosin - can be given long term Metronidazole *(long term can cause neurotoxicity)*
68
Dogs with EPI should be fed a highly \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_-restricted diet and avoid foods high in \_\_\_\_\_.
Digestible Fat Fiber

SAM 2 scs RUSVM (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions