Final Neuro - Olfactory and Visual Systems

Question 1

What cells are use to detect odors

Answer 1

cell bodies of the primary afferent neurons; neuroepithelium

Question 2

How can the olfactory nerve be damaged following head trauma

Answer 2

the nerve passes through the cirbiform place, if the brain shifts then it could cut the fibers there

Question 3

Fibers of which neurons make up the olfactory nerve

Answer 3

bipolar primary afferent neurons (SSA)

Question 4

Fibers of which distinctly shaped neuron make up the olfactory tract

Answer 4

mitral cells

Question 5

What structures make up the primary olfactory cortex

Answer 5

piriform cortex

posterior orbitofrontal cortex via mediodorsal nucleus (MD) of the thalamus

Question 6

What are the specific areas of the piriform cortex that are involved with the primary olfactory cortex

Answer 6

uncus
periamygdaloid cortex
anterior entorhinal cortex

Question 7

What effect does the pupil have on images as they pass through it

Answer 7

it inverts the images

Question 8

This field is what the patient is seeing

Answer 8

visual field

Question 9

This field is the region of the retina onto which the image is projected

Answer 9

retinal field

Question 10

These regions provide the best color and detail of an image

Answer 10

fovea centralis

macula lutea; cones

Question 11

These regions provide the best detection of movement and light intensity (black and white)

Answer 11

peripheral retina

rods

Question 12

What is the region of the retina in which we are blind

Answer 12

optic disc; point of exit of ganglion cell axons

Question 13

Which retinal neuron gives rise to fibers to the optic nerve

Answer 13

ganglion cells

Question 14

What are the three structure in which the primary visual fibers terminate

Answer 14

amygdala
lateral geniculate body
visual cortex (occipital lobe); primary, secondary, and tertiary

Question 15

What do the fibers that terminate in the amygdala carry

Answer 15

emotionally significant images

Question 16

What do the fibers that terminate in the lateral geniculate body carry

Answer 16

visual information

Question 17

What do the fibers that terminate in the primary, secondary, and tertiary cortices carry

Answer 17

primary; enchantment of edges

secondary/tertiary; color and stereopsis

Question 18

What is retinoptic organization

Answer 18

point in the field of vision can be traced to an area of the visual cortex

Question 19

Where is the middle temporal (MT) and medial superior temporal (MST) visual areas located

Answer 19

border zone between occipital and temporal/parietal cortex

Question 20

What is the function of the middle temporal (MT) visual area

Answer 20

movement
direction
velocity

Question 21

What is the function of the medial superior temporal (MST) visual area

Answer 21

perceived motion of stationary targets as observer moves

Question 22

Where is the fusiform face area (FFC) located

Answer 22

fusiform gyrus; inferior occipital-temporal cortex

predominately right sided

Question 23

What is the function of the fusiform face area (FFC)

Answer 23

recognition of faces; human and animal

Question 24

What would the effect of a lesion be it on the optic nerve

Answer 24

unilateral blindness

Question 25

What would the effect of a lesion be it on the optic chiasm

Answer 25

``` bitemporal hemianopsia (loss of peripheral vision of both eyes) or nasal hemianopsia (loss of inner (nasal) vision from 1 eye) ```

Question 26

What would the effect of a lesion be it on the optic tract

Answer 26

homonymous hemianopsia; loss of the left side of each eye or the right side of each eye

Question 27

What would the effect of a lesion be it on the geniculocalcarine tract

Answer 27

homonymous hemianopia; if both sides of the tract are affects; is not, then its quadrant based

Question 28

What would the effect(s) of a lesion be it on the primary visual cortex

Answer 28

blindsight; can still recognize objects using vision | Anton symdrome; denial of blindness

Question 29

What would the effect of a lesion be it on the fuciform face area

Answer 29

prosopangnosia; impaired ability to recognize people based upon image of their face

Question 30

These cells are parvocellualr cells are help identify "what" an object is; in association with cones

Answer 30

midget cells

Question 31

These cells are magnocellular cells and help to locate "where" an object is; in associated with rods

Answer 31

parasol cells

Question 32

This is the inability to recognize objects based upon vision, but know what the object is used for due to loss involving secondary and tertiary visual cortex

Answer 32

visual agnosia

Question 33

This is blind due to loss of primary visual cortex, although the patient denies their blindness

Answer 33

anton syndrome

Question 34

This involves visual hallucinations late in the day, amusing or disturbing but not emotional, due to age and reduced vision

Answer 34

Charles Bonnet syndrome

Question 35

This is the impaired ability to recognize people based on an image of a face, resulting from a lesion to the FFA on right side

Answer 35

prosopagnosia