Final Review Flashcards
(484 cards)
1
Q
What sense helps an animal maintain balance by keeping track of position and movements of the head?
A
equilibrium
1
Q
what are the 2 main systems that control breathing
A
mechanical system and chemical system
2
Q
What does SA node stand for?
A
Sinoatrial node
2
Q
What are the three ossicles of the ear called?
A
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
3
Q
Acetycholine and norepinephrine are examples of?
A
Neurotransmitters
4
Q
What state is a neuron in when it is not being stimulated?
A
Resting state
5
Q
Lymphocytes
A
B-Cells and T-Cells
6
Q
What is the top of a dog’s nose also known as?
A
Planum nasale
6
Q
What is calcitonin ? and where is it produced ?
A
Hormone that prevents the level of calcium in the blood from getting to high. it is produced in the thyroid gland
6
Q
Which cranial nerves are both sensory and motor nerves
A
CN V- Trigeminal
CN VII- Facial
CN IX-Vestibulocochlear
X-Vagus
6
Q
List the layers of the skeletal muscle
A
Muscle fiber, fascicle, endomysium, perimysium, epimysium.
7
Q
Erthroctyes are formed in bone marrow by a process called?
A
Hematopoeisis
8
Q
Where does most tubular secretion take place?
A
In the distal convoltued tubule (DCT).
9
Q
Which blood cell is responsible for carrying oxygen to the tissues?
A
RBCs
9
Q
Which part of the spleen acts as reservoir for blood?
A
Red Pulp
9
Q
What is the term for the presence of glucose in urine?
A
Glycosuria
9
Q
The kidney’s nerve supply comes from where?
A
Sympathetic portion of the Autonomic nervous system.
10
Q
What is Anemia?
A
A condition where there is decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. This is caused by there not being enough red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration or both.
11
Q
Diuresis
A
Producing and passing large amounts of urine
11
Q
What three hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?
A
- T3
- T4
- Calcitonin
11
Q
T or F Uterine hornes are also known as falopian tubes?
A
False
12
Q
Ventral
A
towards the belly
13
Q
Where does the pineal gland play a role in?
A
Regulation of body rythyms
13
Q
What hormones are produced in the anterior pituitary?
A
GH, Prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, MSH
13
which type of muscle does not have sarcomeres?
smooth
13
What is infection of the mammary gland?
Mastitis
14
Which gland produces sebum?
Sebaceous
14
Normal feline Heart Rate
150-210bpm
14
What is the primary source of passive immunity in veterinary medicine?
Colostrum
14
What is lymph filtered by?
Lymph Nodes
14
What muscle is found all over the body in places such as eyes, stomach and urinary bladder?
Smooth muscle
14
What are the basic functions of the digestive tract?
1. Prehension (grasping) of food with the lips or teeth. 2. Mastication, the mechanical grinding and breaking down of food. 3. Chemical digestion of food 4. Absorption of nutrients and water 5. Elimination of wastes.
15
What protects the keratinocytes from UV radiation?
Melanin
16
Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found?
Areas where cells must reproduce rapidly: vagina, mouth, anus.
18
An increase in what hormone causes ovulation to occur?
Luteinizing hormone
19
Which extraocular muscle do humans not share with animals and what does it do?
Retractor Bulbi
Retracts the eye further into the orbit, enhancing the other extraocular muscles
20
The passageways that lead from the ______ to the ______ are called the bronchial tree.
bronchi
alveoli
22
What is the colostrums most important role?
providing the newborn with passive immunity.
23
## Footnote
What are the two types of immune response?
## Footnote
Specific and Nonspecific
23
The ________ is often covered by a fatty substance called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Axons & myelin
24
What is micturition?
Urination
25
Mineralocorticoid hormones target what organ?
Kidneys
26
What is the name of the division of the trachea into the two main bronchi?
Bifurcation of the trachea
27
What are the two targets for oxytocin?
The uterus and mammary glands.
27
The hypothalamus is a part of the ________ of the brain.
diencephalon
27
what organ is both an exocrine and endocrine gland that is associated with the digestive system?
pancreas
28
## Footnote
What does TSH do?
## Footnote
stimulate growth and development of the thyroid gland and cause it to produce it's hormones
29
Cranial
Toward the head
29
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone
30
What is Cell-Mediated Immunity?
The function of T cells that attach to antigenic sites on the surfaces of foreign cells.
30
What divides the aqueous compartment?
Iris
31
Deep grooves in the cerebrum
Fissures
32
In what cardiac cycle does the heart muscle contract, eject blood from the atria to the ventricles, and then from the ventricles to the arteries?
Systole
33
Where is blood stored when the body doesn't need all of its blood circulating?
The spleen
33
What is a common neurotransmitter used to signal muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine
33
Name the 2 main systems that control breathing and what they do.
1. Mechanical system: that sets routine inspiration and expiration limits. 2. Chemical system: that monitors the levels of certain substances in the blood and directs adjustments in breathing if they get out of balance
34
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Seminiferous Tubules
35
Skeletal muscle cells are\_\_\_\_\_\_?
Multinucleated
36
cardiac muscle is also know as ?
involuntary striated muscle
36
Air, blood, lymph and nerves enter and leave the lung at the \_\_\_\_\_, located on the medial side
Hilus.
37
What are the general senses ?
1. Visceral sensations 2. Touch 3. Temperature 4. Pain 5. Proprioception
37
Cardiac and smooth muscle are voluntary or involuntary
Involuntary
38
what is the normal pcv (packed cell volume) range for a dog
37% - 55%
38
Which neurotransmitter can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on location
Acetylcholine
39
Dendrites are called \_\_\_\_\_\_
Sensory receptors
40
What symptom is common in FLUTD?
Presesnce of Uroliths(stones)
41
What type of WBC is this?
Monocyte
42
What is the withdrawal reflex also called?
Flexor reflex
42
What are oviducts also known as?
fallopian tubes and uterine tubes
43
Immunoglobulin that can leave blood and enter tissue fluids. It plays an important role in preventing diseases caused by antigens that may enter the body through mucosal surfaces.
IgA
44
What does it mean when the kidneys are referred to be located retroperitoneal?
outside (behind or dorsal to) the abdominal cavity
45
What is a sarcomere?
The area from 1 Z line to another Z line
45
Muscles attach to bones at both ends by what?
tough, fibrous connective tissue band called tendons.
46
Function of kidneys?
Filtration, reabsorption, secretion
Fluid balance regulation
Acid-base balance regulation
Production of hormones
47
3 layers of the eyeball
outer: fibrous layer; the middle: vascular layer; the inner: nervous layer
48
## Footnote
what is another name for Thyroid Simulating Hormone?
## Footnote
Thyrotrophic Hormone
50
What is a uniparous species?
A species that typically only gives birth to one offspring at a time.
51
what vein carries oxygenated blood
pulmonary vein
51
What are the 3 main mechanisms by which the kidneys carry out their waste elimination role?
1. Filtration of blood 2. Reabsorption of useful substance back into the bloodstream. 3. Secretion of waste products from the blood into the tubules of the nephron.
52
What do you call the movement of air between the atmosphere and the lungs?
Ventilation
53
the diaphragm is made of what type of muscle
Skeletal muscle
54
what organ of the ear controls equilibrium.
Semicircular canals
55
The vein most commonly used for venipuncture is the\_\_\_\_vein?
Jugular
55
What is the difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Epinephrine is short acting and norepinephrine Similar Hormones related to “Fight or Flight” of the ANS Increased HR, BP, blood flow, output Decrease GI activity Increased BG Bronchioles dilate Pupils dilate
55
What are the four types of stimuli for sensory receptors? Give an example of each
1. Mechanincal Stimuli example: touch
2. Thermal stimuli example: hot and cold
3. Electromagnetic stimuli example: vision
4. Chemical stimuli example: taste
55
what are the 3 phases of a single muscle fiber contraction
latent phase, contracting phase, relaxation phase
56
where does external respiration take place
in the aveoli
57
What 2 layers is the dermis composed of ?
Papillary and Reticular
57
Normal Canine Heart Rate
70-160 bpm
58
What hormone helps regulate the body's metabolic rate?
Thyroid Hormone
59
What causes pigmentation of skin?
The presence or absence of melanin granules in the armlike extensions in the melanocytes.
60
At the epidermal-dermal junction which cells found in small numbers are always associated with a sensory nerve
Merkel Cells
60
What is an interferon?
Protein produced by a cell after it has been infected by a virus
60
The renal corpuscle is made up of the ____ and \_\_\_\_\_.
Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule
60
What links the hypothalmus to the anterior pituitary gland?
A system of tiny blood vessels called a **Portal System**
61
What is produced during the breakdown of hemoglobin?
Bilirubin
61
What is the second largest component of the brain?
Cerebellum
62
The conjunction of the cornea and sclera is called the...?
Limbus.
62
What are the 2 muscles that help in expiration?
internal intercostal and abdominal muscles
63
Breaks in the suface of mucous and in the underlying mucousa are called erisions. What are deep erosions called?
Gastric Ulcers
64
What is the origin, insertion and action of the splenius muscle?
Origin: Fascia along the middorsal line of the neck
Insertion: Lambdoidal ridge of the occipital bone.
Action :Lateral flexion of the head.
66
Glucose gets stored as glycogen in the liver by a process called...
glycogenesis
67
## Footnote
what does chemotaxis do?
## Footnote
Uses chemicals to attract neutrophils to the site of an infection
68
when one or both testes do not descend into the scrotum
cryptorchidism
69
What is a blood protein that the liver provides a major source of?
albumin
70
Which type of smooth muscle is large and relatively powerfull
Visceral smooth muscle
71
What are pre-T cells in the thymus called?
thymocytes
71
the gallbladder is a storage compartment for what ?
bile
72
The area oc the thorax that contains the heart and trachea.
Mediastinum
73
Name the layers that makes up the GI wall
1) the mucosa, the lining layer
2) the submucosa, beneath the mucosa
3) the thick muscle layer, outside the submucosa
4) the serosa, outermost layer
74
What is a synergist?
A muscle that contracts at the same time as a prime mover and assists it in carrying out its action.
74
what is another term for voice production
phonation
75
How many extraocular muscles do animals have?
7
76
Phagocytosis
When a cell ingests a microorganism
76
What is the function of plasma cells?
To produce, store, and release antibodies
76
The kidneys are covered by what?
Fibrous connective tissue capsule
76
The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that is attaches to what?
the hypothalamus
76
Main functions of the testes
spermatogenesis and hormone production
77
Agranulocytes
Monocytes, Lymphocytes
79
What is it called when the uterus goes back to it's non pregnant size?
involution
80
What layer lies just beneath the epithelial layer of the epidermis and is composed of loose conective tissue with loosely woven fibers and ground substance.
Papillary layer
81
Erythrocyte
Red Blood Cell
82
What hormones do the kidneys produce?
erythropoietin and prostaglandin
83
Cells give up vital organelles and nuclei to make room for Which tough, protective substance.
keratin
83
what is the normal pcv (packed cell volume) range for a cat
24% - 45%
84
What are digestive enzymes?
Proteins that promote the chemical reactions that split complex food molecules up into simpler compounds.
86
What is dystocia?
Difficult birth
87
What is the name of the fibers that connects the two halves of the cerebral cortex?
Corpus callosum
88
Normal Feline Heart Rate
150-210 bpm
88
What hormones control the estrus cycle?
LH and FSH.
89
Where do blood and lymph vessels, nerves and ureters enter/leave the kidney?
Hilus
90
What are the three parts of the brain stem?
1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla Oblongata
91
What does the GH help regulate?
metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in all body's cells
91
What are two types of smooth muscle?
Visceral smooth muscle and multiunit smooth muscle.
91
What area of the medulla oblongata in the brainstem controls breathing?
respiratory center
92
What is the "passageway" that divide each nasal?
Nasal Metus
94
Which cranial nerve stimulates the stomach?
Vagus nerve.
95
What is parturition?
The act of giving birth.
96
Where is the tricuspid valve located and what is another name for it?
Between the right atrium and right ventricle, right atrioventricular valve.
97
What happens during diastole?
The heart relaxes and refills with blood
98
Basic unit of the endocrine system
endocrine glands
98
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is located in the cell membrane and actively pumps NA out and K ions in to the neuron.
Sodium-potassium pump
99
Touch is also know as what?
the tactile sense
100
Where is the pacinian corpuscle located?
The hypodermis
101
General term for the formation of white blood cells
Leukopoiesis
102
What muscle is controlled by the conscious mind and moves the bones of the skeleton so the animal can move?
Skeletal muscle
103
What four refractive media in the eye help to form a clear image on the retina?
The cornea, the aqueous humor, the lens and he vitreous humor.
104
What is the difference between Sinus bradycardia and Sinus tachycardia?
Sinus bradycardia Abnormally slow heart rate Normal conductivity Sinus tachycardia Abnormally fast heart rate Normal conductivity
105
What is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
106
what are the three ossicles bones
malleus, incus, stapes
107
Which substances are eliminated by secretion?
Hydrogen, potassium and ammmonia.
107
What does colostrum contain?
Antibodies, proteins, and vitamins.
109
oval opening that alows blood to by pass the fetus's lungs
Foramen ovale
109
What does the term stenotic nares mean
The nostrils are pinched or narrow
110
Name the principle cells found in the Epidermis?
Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans cells.
112
What seperates the left nasal passage from the right?
Nasal septum
113
Where do blood cells originate?
Bone marrow
114
Vessel cranial to the heart
Axillary artery
116
What are 2 proteins that function in muscle contraction?
Actin and Myosin
117
Where is gastrin produced and what does it act on?
The stomach wall
118
What are the 5 parts of a monogastric stomach?
Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pyloric Antrum, Pylorus
119
Which WBC produces antibodies?
Lymphocytes
120
Flat, ribbon like structure that lies along the surface of the testis
Epididymis
121
The muscles that make the digestive tube
skeletsl muscles and smooth muscle
122
Muscle that has intercalated disks
Cardiac
122
What is the gestation period of cats?
56-69 days
124
What glands produce tears?
Lacrimal glands and the accessory lacrimal glands
126
mechanical digestion is known as
mastication
127
Thin scroll-like bones in the nasal passage
Nasal Turbinates
128
Calcitonin helps regulate what?
Blood calcium levels
128
The hypothalamus produces what two hormones?
ADH and oxytocin
129
What is pruritus
Itchiness
130
Between what two layers of the heart is there a fluid filled space and what is its purpose?
Visceral and parietal layers. The fluid acts as a lubricant to allow smooth expansion and contraction.
130
a thin, transparent memebrane that covers the front portion of the eyeball and lines the interior surfaces of the eyelid
conjunctiva
131
The corpus leteum developes during which phase?
Metestrus.
132
At the hind limbs, the trunk of the aorta divides into right and left\_\_\_\_\_\_
Iliac arteries.
132
What are the 4 primary functions of the lymphatic system
Removal of excess tissue fluid, Waste material transport, Filtration of lymph, & Protein transport.
132
Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands
Endocrine-secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
Exocrine-secrete their product onto epithelial surfaces through tiny tubes (ducts)
132
What is pneumonia?
Inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses or chemical irritants.
133
What are the saclike spaces that make up the vestibule?
The utricle and the saccule
135
What is the T-shaped plate of cartilage covered by the conjunctiva?
The third eyelid
136
The 2 factors for cardiac output
Stroke volume and heart rate
136
What are Suppressor T Cells?
These cells inhibit helper T cell and cytotoxic T cells function by negative feedback. They prevent B cells from transforming into plasma cells.
138
Glucagon is produced by which organ?
Pancreas
138
Most of the ear structures are housed within the ____ bones
Temporal.
139
List the 5 WBC types
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
139
What pushes lymph back towards the heart?
Body Movement
140
what are the three stages of labor?
1. uterine contractions
2. delivery of the newborn
3. delivery of the placenta
141
What are the main expiratory muscles?
Internal intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles.
143
## Footnote
what are the 4 chemical hormone groups?
## Footnote
1. peptides and proteins, 2. steroids, 3. amino acid derivatives, 4. fatty acid derivatives
143
Pain produces what type of stimulies
Mechanical, chemical, or thermal
145
What cells in the pancreas produce glucagon?
alpha cells
146
What cells are produced in the bone marrow?
Langerhans Cells
148
What 3 categories are carbohydrates divded into?
Sugars, starches, cellulose
149
What are the functions of Prostaglandins E and I?
Reduce stomach's hydrochloric acid production and stimulate production of the protective mucous layer within the stomach.
150
150
Normal Feline RR
24-42
151
Rostral
towards the nose
151
What are tail glands thought to assist with?
Recognition and identification of other animals
152
Hormone that encourages follicles to develope in the ovaries
FSH
152
Where is the central temperature receptor located?
hypothalamus
153
What are the main inspiratory muscles?
Diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles
154
Where is the mitral valve located and what is another name for it?
Between the left atrium and left ventricle, left atrioventricular valve.
156
The masseter muscles origin is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_arch, its insertion point is ramus of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Without this muscle animals would not be able to elevate their mandible.
Zygomatic & mandible
157
T or F
Sarcomere contraction is All or Nothing?
True
158
Thyroid hormone is actually what two hormones?
T3 (Triiodothyronine) & T4 (Tetraiodothyronine)
159
The skin is responsible for the production of which vitamin?
Vitamin D
160
Name the 4 planes of reference
Sagital plane, Median plane, Transverse plane, Dorsal plane
162
What is the electrical anatomy of the heart?
SA Node, AV Node, Bundle of His, Purkinje Fibers
162
G cells are found in the....?
Stomach.
164
What does the tightly capillary wall and additional glial cell membranes prevents?
drugs, proteins, ions and other molecules from passinf from the blood into the brain
165
What provides a rapid response to foreign invaders?
Nonspecific Immunity
166
What is the difference between polyuria and pollakuria?
Polyuria means an increase in volume of urine
Pollakiuria means in an increase in frequency of urination
166
Where does blood filtration occur?
Renal corpuscle
167
What are hormones
Chemical messengers of the body that are produced and excreted by specific cells for the purpose of regulating specific organs or cells.
168
What 2 erectile tissue structures make up the body of the penis?
Corpus cavernosum urethrae and corpus caernosum penis
169
What is the difference between peristaltic contractions and segmental contractions?
Peristaltic contractions move contents along the digestive tract. Segmental contractions cause back-and-forth mixing movements of the digestive tract contents.
170
What happens during Systole?
Heart muscle contracts and blood leaves the atria to the ventricles or from the ventricles to the arteries.
171
What is the gestation range for canines?
59-68 days approximately 2 months
173
Which photoceptors are sensitive to color and detail?
Cones.
174
What is happening to the heart muscle during the "P" phase of the PQRS complex?
The atria are contracting
175
Which WBCs are granulocytes
Eosinophils, Basophils, neutrophils
175
What is the nephron?
The basic functional unit of the kidney
176
Where are sebaceous glands not found?
paw pads and planum nasale
177
what does the hormone prolactin do?
helps trigger and maintain lactation
178
what are the 4 primary functions of the lymphatic system?
Removal of excess tissue fluid, waste material transport, filtration of lymph, and protein transport,
179
What are 6 functions of skin?
1. Protect, cover and line.
2. Filter biochemical substances.
3. Absorb nutrients
4. Provide sensory input
5. Manufacture secretions
6. Manufacture excretions
179
3 segments of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
180
What 3 main hormone groups does the adrenal cortex produce?
Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids and Sex Hormones
182
what kind of muscle is the arrector pilli
smooth muscle
182
The efferent glomerular arterioles divide into capillaries that surrond the nephron, what are these capillaries called?
peritubular capillaries
182
The three layers of the meninges.
1. Dura Mater
2. Arachnoid
3. Pia Matter
183
What do somatic reflexes involve?
Contraction of skeletal muscles
184
What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?
The nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea
185
What does parathyroid hormone do?
Maintains homeostasis by preventing Hypocalcemia.
186
## Footnote
What is another name for parathyroid hormone?
## Footnote
Parathormone
188
What does negative feedbacks systems control?
Hormone secretion
189
What is the average life span of a red blood cell in dogs?
110 days
190
## Footnote
What does the T wave represent?
## Footnote
relaxing of the ventricle and recharging of the node
191
what is special about the insertion of the muscle
it undergoes most of the movement when a muscle contracts.
192
The small intestines is the major site of\_\_\_\_ and\_\_\_\_\_.
digestion and absorption
194
synthesis of proteins is an example of?
Anabolism
195
What is the outer layer of the heart called?
Pericardium
196
What is the IgE antibody associated with?
Allergic response
197
What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
The term used to describe how fast plasma is filtered as it passes through the glomerulus.
199
Which cranial nerves are sensory nerves
CN I - Olfactory
CN II- Optic
VIII-Vestibulocochlear
200
the sense of smell is called what ?
olfactory sense
202
What are progestins produced by?
Corpus luteum
203
Principal cells found in the Epidermis
Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Merkel, and Langerhans cells
204
Shallow grooves in the cerebrum
Sulci
205
A muscle or muscle group that opposes the action of a prime mover is?
antagonist
207
3 different types of muscle make up the muscular system, what are they?
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
208
Which system is voluntary control of skeletal muscles in?
Somatic nervous system
210
One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers it innervates is?
Motor unit
211
From outside in name the main structures of the upper respiratory tract
Nostrils Nasal passages Pharynx Larynx Trachea
213
What is a synapse?
The junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell.
214
What type of muscle is the arrector pili muscle?
Smooth muscle
216
which area of the brain is responsible for higher order functions
cerebrum
218
Where is grey matter located?
Outer layer of the brain and center of the spinal cord
220
What are the 4 processes that contribute to nociception?
1. Transduction 2. Transmission 3. Modulation 4. Perception
221
Ruminant stomach is found in?
Cattle, sheep, goats, and llamas.
222
the liver is the major source of what blood protein?
albumin
224
What conducts nerve impulses away from the CNS?
Efferent nerves
224
what are the 2 types muscles of respiration
inspiratory muscles, expiratory muscles
225
The small gaps in the myelin sheath between the glial cells is called?
Nodes of Ranvier
227
What does cerebrospinal fluid do?
Provides cushioning and may regulate autonomic functions (i.e. respiration, vomiting)
229
What are the muscle's attachement sites called and which is more stable?
Origin of the muscle and insertion of the muscle. Origin of the muscle is more stable.
230
Physiology
The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.
231
Lymph fluid re-enters the bloodstream via what large lymph vessel near the heart?
Thoracic duct.
233
Where is glucagon produced in?
The pancreas
234
A broad sheet of fibrous tissue that attaches two muscles or a muscle to a bone. Ex. Linea alba.
Aponeuroses
235
What is plasma
The fluid portion of blood with cloting factors that makes up 45% to 78% of blood volume
235
What is depolarization?
Refers to the opening of the sodium channesl and the sudden influx of many sodium ions into the cell.
236
Composed of areolar tissue containing adipose, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Hypodermis
237
What is the ring-shaped structure located directly behind the iris?
Ciliary body
238
Medial
Toward the middle
239
Three categories of hair
1. Primary or Guard hairs
2. Secondary or Wool Hairs
3. Tactile or Sinus Hairs
239
What are the most easily visible parts of the atria called?
Auricles
240
a paper-thin, connective tissue membrane that is tightly stretched across the opening between the external auditory canal and the middle ear cavity
tympanic membrane
242
What are tonsils?
noduals of lymphoid tissue that are not covered with a capsule.
242
what is the larynx commonly reffered to as?
voice box
243
What organs are part of the lymphatic system?
Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and gut associated lymph tissue(GALT)
244
What does the blood regulate?
body temperature
tissue fluid content
blood ph
245
Hemoconcentration
Less plasma in bloodstream, and cells become more concentrated.
246
What type of white blood cell is this?
Basophil
247
Condition in which the muscles of the heart have become thin and weak and now have a lower stroke volume than normal.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
249
true or false
all male dogs have a bulbourethral gland
false
251
name the 3 parts of the ear
Pina, Middle ear, Inner ear
253
What enzyme is found the saliva of omnivores, but not in the saliva of carnivores?
Amylase
253
Difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis
**spermatogenesis**: spermatozoa is produced continously and in very large numbers
**oogenesis:** not produced continuosly and there is a fixed number of oocytes
254
What are 2 actions of skeletal muscle?
To move bones and generate heat
255
What does the Hormone Aldosterone do
stimulates sodium reabsorption in the Kidney
255
The opening into the larynx, made up ofthe arytenoid cartilages and the vocal cords.
Glottis
256
What keeps the valve between the atrium and the ventricle from bending back into the atrium
Chordae tendineae
257
What type of white blood cell is this
Basophil
259
Where is white matter located?
The outer part of the spinal chord and the inner part of the brain
260
What is special about cells in the white pulp of the spleen.
They can clone themselves during an immune response.
261
Visceral
Referring to soft internal organs.
261
Correct path of urinary excretion
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
261
the inside of the Bladder is lined with ?
transitional epithelium cells
262
## Footnote
what are the 3 things we can change to manage heart disease?
## Footnote
Pump - strength of the beat, Pipes - constrictict or dilate vessels, Fluid - viscosity
264
The elium is part of the small intestines? T or F
False. The Ilium is part of the small intestines, where as the Elium is part of the bony pelvis.
266
Where does most tubular secretion take place?
The distal convoluted tubule
268
What is the purpose of the hyaline cartilage rings?
To hold the trachea open and prevent it from collapsing on itself when the animal inhales.
269
what are rugae?
multiple long folds in the stomach, commonly seen on endoscopic exam
270
What are 3 plasma proteins?
Albumins, Globulins and Fibrinogen
271
Which side of the heart moves blood to the body?
Left side
271
which type of white blood cell is incapable of phagocytosis
Lymphocytes
272
2 categories of temperature receptors
superficial and central
273
Name the layers of the epidermis from deepest to superficial
Stratum Basale, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Lucidum
274
The impulse for the heart beat originates in the...?
SA Node
276
What is the prepuce?
The sheath of skin that encloses the penis when it is not erect.
278
what are the two main divisions of the nervous systems
peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous systems (CNS)
279
What is the process of experiencing pain called?
Nociception
280
The CNS is composed of
the brain, and spinal cord
282
What are three types of gustatory papillae?
1. Fungiform
2. Foliate
3. Vallate
282
A muscle that moves a limb away from the midline is called
an abductor
284
Nervous impulses from rods and cones pass via the\_\_\_\_\_\_to the brain.
Optic nerve
285
What are the 7 anterior pituitary hormones?
GH, Prolactin, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH and MSH
286
Why does hair turn grey or white as animals age?
Melanin production decreases. The cortex loses its pigment entirely and the medulla becomes filled with air.
287
What is heart murmur often related to?
Periodontal disease
289
what are the four special senses
taste, smell, hearing, vision
290
What glands are found in the external ear canal of dogs?
Apocrine sweat glands
291
What's the sympathetic nervous system often called
fight or flight system
292
What is the caudal bend of the heart
The Apex
294
Palatal surface
The inner surface of the upper teeth.
295
Name the artery and the vein that supply and drain blood from the kidney?
Renal artery and the Renal Vein
296
What cell is associated with sensory nerve endings?
Merkel Cells
297
What is the Lymph from the digestive tract called?
Chyle
299
What is passive immunity
administering antibodies that weren't produced by the animals own immune system.
300
Superficial layer of the epidermis
Stratum Corneum
300
Air that is still in the lungs after a forced expiration is?
Residual volume
302
What are the main inspiratory muscles?
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
302
Gametes unite to become this
Zygote
303
What do Afferent nerves do
conduct nerve impulses toward the CNS
304
what are two of the main muscles that raise the head and neck
splenius muscle
trapezius muscle
305
What are the 2 kinds of respiration that are constantly going on in the body?
External respiration and Internal respiration
306
Which artery supplies blood to the tail?
Coccygeal
306
Thrombocyte
Platelet
307
What is the connection between the rest of the brain and the spinal cord ?
Brain stem
308
Hemodilution
Extra fluid in the plasma which dilutes the cells.
309
What is the process of aging in red blood cells called?
senescence
310
Where can simple epithelium be found?
Protected areas: internal compartments, ducts, vessels, and passageways.
312
5 types of immunoglobulins (Ig)
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD
314
What type of cell is this?
Neutrophil
315
Polymorphonuclear
A multilobed, segmented nucleus
317
What ototoxic drugs can cause deafness?
Gentamycin & neomycin
318
what muscle makes the hair stand up
arrector pilli muscle
319
Leukocyte
White Blood Cell
321
Granulocytes
Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils
322
Organism
An individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.
323
Only found in thick skin
Stratum Lucidium
325
In order from outside to in the main structures of the upper respiratory tract are
Nostrils, Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea
326
What type of nerve is the Olfactory?
Sensory
328
what artery carries deoxygenated blood
pulmonary artery
328
What type of white blood cell is this
monocyte
330
What is the Calorigenic effect?
Thyroid hormones that help heat the body.
331
what ions are involved in nerve conduction
sodium and potassium
332
Cranial
Toward the head
333
Pulse Deficit
When the heart rate and pluse rate are not the same
335
Oliguria
passing small amounts of urine
337
What does prehension mean?
Grasping of food with lips or teeth.
339
What gland produces glucagon, & androgens
Testis
341
Signals are transmitted from one nerve to another via?
Neurotransmitters
342
Which hormone encourages excess calcium to be deposited in the bones?
Calcitonin
343
What is the thickest layer of the heart?
Myocardium
344
Diabetes mellitus is caused by a deficiency of which hormone?
Insulin
345
The urinary system removes...
urea, salts, water, and other soluble waste products
346
Pleomorphic
Non-segmented nucleus with varying shapes
346
What is the function of memory cells?
They wait for a second infection of the same antigen that originally caused their formation. The immune response is more rapid the second time the body is exposed to the antigen.
347
The period of transition between the anagen and telogen phase is called?
The catagen phase
349
What has both exocrine and endocrine functions?
The Pancreas
350
Erythropoeitin is secreted by which organ?
Kidney
351
What are three functions of the muscular system?
1. Produce movement of the body and parts.
2. Maintains posture
3. Produces heat
352
What is the birth process called?
Parturition
353
What does serum have that plasma does not?
fibrinogen and other clotting factors
354
## Footnote
What are 2 other names for urination?
## Footnote
Uresis, Micturition
355
what WBCs are agranulocytes
Lymphocytes, monocytes
357
What organ has both exocrine and endocrine functions
The pancreas
357
transmission of an impulse from one neuron to the next is called...
Synaptic transmission
358
Made of 4-5 layers
Epidermis
360
The total number of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell is called?
Diploid chromosome number.
362
What organs make up the Renal system
2 kidney's 2 ureters 1 urinary blader and 1 urethra
363
What is asystole?
When the heart has completely stopped.
364
How many teeth do canines have (deciduous and adult)?
Deciduous: 28
Adult: 42
365
Caudal
Towards the tail
367
where does reabsorbtion take place
in the PCTs and the loop of Henle
369
What part of the nervous system that controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and endocrine glands automatically without conscious control.
Automatic nervous system
370
What does the kidney maintain?
Homeostasis
BODY LIKE SAME
372
What does GALT satnd for?
Gut associated lymph tissue.
374
Two types of sweat glands and the difference between them
1. Eccrine Gland - Empties onto the surface
2. Apocrine Gland - Empties into a hair follicle
374
What is urolithiasis?
Condition of having urinary stones
375
What is Hemoglobin?
The protein in RBCs that gives them their red color and allows them to carry oxygen
377
Erythropoietin
Hormone necessary for red blood cell production
379
Where is breathing controlled and what is it known as?
by an area in the medulla oblongata and it's known as the respiratory center
380
Define Hypoxia
low levels of oxygen in the blood
381
Where is the Renal corpuscle located?
in the cortex of the kidney
382
3 - types of lymphocytes
T - lymphocytes (B- cells)
B - lymphocytes (T- cells)
Natural Killer (NK) cells
383
## Footnote
What is the functional unit if the kidney?
## Footnote
Nephron
384
What is pseudopregnancy?
False pregnancy
385
Name 4 glands of the skin
1. Sebaceous glands
2. Sweat glands
3. Tail Glands
4. Anal Sacs
387
What's internal respiration?
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the ***blood*** in the capillaries all over the body and all of the cells and tissues
388
What is active immunity
Activation of the immune system by administration of a vaccine that contains a modified antigen or exposure to the antigen.
389
In what cardiac cycle does the heart relax and refill with blood to be ejected during the next systolic contraction?
Diastole
390
The chordae tendineae connect to the _______ muscles
Papillary
392
Erythropoietin is a hormone made by the kindeys. What does this have to do with RBCs?
Erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow to increase the relase of RBCs
393
Define homeostasis
Balance within the body
395
Which is the first antibody that is produced when an animal is exposed to an antigen?
IgM
397
What is the difference between plasma and serum?
Plasma is whole blood without cells. Serum is whole blood without the cells and clotting elements.
(Or Plasma without the clotting factors.)
399
what is transduction?
the first step in nociception.
The conversion of a painful stimulus to a nerve impulse that happens at the sensory nerve ending.
400
What type of muscle is NOT striated?
Smooth muscle
401
True or False: Both T cells & B cells can become memory cells.
True
402
Where is GALT located?
the lining of the intestine
403
Two other names for the pituitary gland
1.) Hypophysis 2.) master endocrine gland
404
The three layers of skin
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Hypodermis
406
Cell type involved in humoral immune response
B cells that transform into plasma cells after antigen stimulation
407
When would an eosinophil be present and why?
At the site of an allergic reaction, their granules contain anti-inflammatory properties.
408
what lymphoid organ is full size at birth. then gets smaller with age
Thymus
409
List the 4 parts of a nephron in order.
Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and a distal convoluted tubule.
411
T- Lymphocytes are produced in the __ and mature in the \_\_\_.
Bone Marrow and Thymus
413
In order from outside in, the main structures of the lower respiratory tract are
Bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
414
What is the order of blood flow?
Vena cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
Systemic circulation
416
What hormone affects moods and wake-sleep cycle
Melatonin
417
What is the process by which ova are produced in follicles in the ovaries called?
Oogenesis
419
2 normal physiological states of hemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin and Deoxyhemoglobin
420
What is urolithiasis?
The presence of urinary stones
421
What can an overdose of insulin cause?
Hypoglycemia
422
What white blood cell is this?
Eosinophil
424
Which muscle has little or no attachment to bones?
cutaneous muscle
425
What is a dilated esophagus called?
megaesophagus
427
What is the sense of body position and movement called?
Proprioception
429
What do lymphocytes produce?
Antibodies
431
What is the action of the skeletal muscle
To move the bones, and generate heat
432
On the way to the thoracic duct, lymph vessels pass through at least one lymph node and pick up what?
Lymphocytes
433
Muscles that contract without the need for external stimulation
cardiac and smooth
434
From outside in name the main structures of the lower respiratory tract
Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveoli
435
Homeostasis
Normal state of the body -composition of body tissue fluid is maintained as constant as possible.
BODY LIKE SAME : )
436
Which Cranial nerves are motor nerves
CN III-Oculomotor
CN IV-Trochlear
CN VI-Abducent
CN XI-Accessory
CN XII-Hypoglossal
437
What is the purpose of the intercalated disks?
They securely fasten the muscle cells together and transmit impulses from cell to cell in order to contract.
438
What 2 factors control cardiac output?
Stroke Volume and Heart Rate
439
## Footnote
What are lymphokines?
## Footnote
Chemical messengers secreted by T cells - also called cytokines
440
What are the lacrimal glands responsible for.
Tear production
441
The 4 types of tissue
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue
443
What's external respiration?
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the ***air*** inhaled into the lungs and the ***blood*** flowing through the pulmonary capillaries.
444
the mitral valve separates what 2 chambers of the heart
left atrium and the left ventricle
445
What sphincter seperates the stomach from the small intestine?
Pylorus (pyloric sphincter)
446
Where are keratinocytes found?
Stratum Basale
447
where does internal respiration take place
in the cells and tissuse of the body
448
Which antibody arrives after IgM but stays at the site longer?
IgG
449
What are the milk secreting units of the mammory gland?
alveoli
450
Instrument that is used to measure electrical activity of the heart
Electrocardiogram
451
what are the 3 layers of hair
outer layer- cuticle
middle layer - cortex
intermost layer - medulla
452
What does the mouth do?
1. Receives food and mixes it with saliva during mastication.
2. Bolus is formed.
453
What is often reffered to as the master endocrine gland?
The pituitary gland
454
What is the seventh extraocular muscle?
The retractor bulbi muscle
455
What are the 3 main functions of blood
Transportation, Regulation, & Defense
456
What are the stages of the estrous cycle?
Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus Anestrus ( occurs in some animals between breeding seasons )
457
**T or F** Sertoli cell is also called a nurse cell?
True.
458
What does the cerebellum allows the body to do?
coordinated movement, balance, posture and complex reflexes
459
What makes up 93% of plasma?
Water
461
T or F skeletal muscle is voluntary
True
462
What is the purpose of hemoglobin?
Transport oxygen to tissues..
463
What waterproofs the skin and gives it strength?
Keratinocytes
464
The part of the hair that is visible above the skin is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and the portion of the buried within the skin is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Shaft & Root
465
What are the 3 types of cellular junctions found between epithelial cells?
1. Tight junction
2. Desmosomes
3. Gap Junctions
466
The 2 types of specific immunity
cell-mediated immunnity and humoral immunity
467
What are 3 charateristics important to the control of the breathing process?
CO2 content, pH and O2 content of arterial blood
468
What does unsaturated fatty acids include?
monounsaturated and polyunsturated fats
469
## Footnote
What are the 2 parts of the renal corpuscle?
## Footnote
outer - bowmans capsule , inner - glomerulus
470
what type of cells are memory cells
T cells
B cells
471
Anuria
No urine is being passed from the body
472
What does the blood transport?
Oxygen
Nutrients
Waste
Hormones
473
What function do otoliths have?
They help the macula determine the position of the head.
474
Term used for aging cells
Senescence
475
What 3 groups of hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoid hormones
Mineralocorticoid hormones
Sex hormones
476
Another term for the sense of taste.
Gustatory Sense
477
What are the three main activities of the nervous system?
1. Sensory Functions
2. Integrating Functions
3. Motor Functions
478
Normal Canine RR
10-30
479
Axons conduct nerve impulses ______ from the cell body toward another neuron or an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
away, effector cell
480
What seperates the left and right ventricles?
Interventricular septum
481
What is fight-or-flight?
A whole-body response resulting from a animal feeling threatened that prepares the body for intense physical activity. It results from a combination of direct sympathetic nerve stimulation and the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream from the medulla of the adrenal gland. effects the body include increased heart rate and out put, increase blood pressure, dilated air passageways in the lungs, and decreased gastrointestinal function.
482
What are the contractions that move food along the digestive tract called?
Peristalsis (peristaltic contractions)
483
What does red pulp consist of?
Blood vessels, tissue macrophages, and blood storage spaces (sinuses)
484
true or false
only dogs have an os penis
false
