Final Review: Unit 5 Flashcards
1
Q
what do all cells have
A
cytoplasm, TPM, genetic materials, break down molecules to generate energy
2
Q
two types of cells
A
prokaryotic, eukaryotic
3
Q
eu
A
true
4
Q
karyon
A
nucleus
5
Q
what stores a eukaryotic cell’s DNA
A
nucleus
6
Q
organelle
A
small organ
7
Q
what allows eukaryotic cells to be specialized
A
having organelles that carry out a specific activity
8
Q
can eukaryotic cells be uni/multicellular
A
yes both
9
Q
size of pro vs eukaryotic cells
A
eukaryotic cells are much bigger
10
Q
what kind of cell division do eukaryotic cells do
A
mitosis (asexual), meiosis (sexual)
11
Q
pro
A
before
12
Q
where do prokaryotic cells store genetic information
A
circular nucleoid
13
Q
why are prokaryotic cells unspecialized
A
no membrane bound organelles
14
Q
can prokaryotic cells be unicellular/multi
A
no only unicellular
15
Q
cell division of prokaryotic cells
A
binary fission (asexual)
16
Q
existence of cells was unknown before
A
creation of microscope
17
Q
robert hooke
A
looked at cork and saw cells
18
Q
leeuwenhoek
A
created microscope + analyzed pond water, milk, etc and saw living organisms (animacules)
19
Q
schleiden
A
plants are made of cells
20
Q
schwann
A
animal tissue is composed of cells
21
Q
virchow
A
proposed that all cells come from other cells
22
Q
cell theory
A
all living things are composed of one or more cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms, cells come from preexistic cells
23
Q
other names for TPM
A
cell membrane, phospholipid bilyaer, lipid bilayer
24
Q
what does TPM do
A
controls what enter and exits the cell and adds structure
25
function of TPM
maintains homeostasis, allows the flow of nutrients and wastes into and out the cell
26
selective permeability
some substances can pass while others cannot
27
structure of TPM
phospholipids; glycerol heads and fatty acid tails, double layered, tail-to-tail configuration
28
glycerol heads are
hydrophilic
29
fatty acid tails are
hydrophobic
30
protein functions in TPM
tunnel/channel for molecules, receptors to transmit signals, anchor TPM to interior
31
cholesterol functions in TPM
nonpolar, adds fluidity, prevents fatty-acid tails from sticking together, maintains homeostasis
32
carbohydrates functions in TPM
can attatch to protein or bilayer, acts as a tag or identifier
33
fluid mosaic model
all components of TPM float freely
34
cytoplasm structure
jelly-like semifluid material
35
cytoplasm function
location where cell processes occur
36
cytoskeleton structure
thin, long protein fibers: microtubules and microfilaments
37
microtubules
rigid, long, hollow protein cylinders
38
microfilaments
thin protein threads
39
how do microfilaments and microtubules allow the cell to move
they assemble and dissamble
40
nucleus structure
surrounded by double layered membrane (nuclear envelope), nuclear pores
41
nucleus role
manages the whole cell, contains most of cell's DNA, stores information to make proteins, used for cell growth, function, reproduction
42
what do nuclear pores do
allow large substances to move in and out of the nucleus
43
ribosomes structure
RNA and protein
44
ribosomes role
help produce proteins, not membrane bound, made in nucleolus
45
where are ribosomes found
cytoplasm (free-floating), rough ER
46
difference in protein production based on ribosome location
cytoplasm: proteins to be used in the cell, ER: proteins to be used outside the cell
47
ER structure
folded sacs and interconnected channels with lots of surface area
48
Rough ER role
site where ribosomes are for protein synthesis
49
smooth ER role
site for complex carbs and lipid synthesis and detoxes harmful substances in the body
50
golgi apparatus structure
flattened stack of membranes
51
golgi apparatus role
modifies, sorts, packages proteins in sacs called vesicles
52
how do vesicles release proteins from the cell
fuse with the cell membrane
53
vacuoles structure
fluid/gel-like tank
54
vacuole role
store materials within cytoplasm
55
lysosomes structure
membranes containing digestive enzymes
56
lysosomes role
digest worn out organelles and food particles, digest bacteria and viruses, fuse with vacuoles to digest waste inside
57
peroxisomes role
used to digest hydrogen peroxide that is made in the body
58
centrioles structure
specific group of microtubules
59
centrioles role
pull apart chromosomes during cell division
60
mitochondrion structure
double membrane, inner membrane is highly folded which increases the surface area to break more bonds
61
mitochondrion role
convert food into usable fuel, produces ATP
62
chloroplast structure
a plastid made up of stacks called thylakoids
63
chloroplast role
found in plant cells, capture light energy to convert to chemical energy
64
cell wall structure
thick, rigid fibers that surrounds TPM, cellulose
65
cell wall role
allows plants to stand
66
cilia structure
project from outside TPM, short numerous, complex protein
67
flagella structure
long, less numerous, microtubules, complex protein
68
cilia and flagella role
cell movement
69
are cilia and flagella on stationary cells
only cilia
70
organelles only in plant cells
chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall
71
concentration gradient
when a dissolved substance is more concentrated in one area than another
72
passive transport
movement of molecules that does not require energy and molecules move down the concentration gradient
73
types of passive transport
simple, facilliated
74
simple diffusion
particles or solutes move from areas of high concentration to low concentraion
75
concentration
amount of particles in an area
76
brownian motion
particles are constantly in random motion
77
dynamic equilibrium
particles continue to move even after diffusion occurs and when concentration is equal throughout the area
78
what is the rate of diffusion affected by
concentration, temperature, pressure
79
faciliated diffusion
when channel and carrier proteins are needed to move particles that are too big
80
channel proteins
tube-like opennigs where specific substances can enter or exit freely
81
aquaporins
proteins that transport water molecules
82
carrier proteins
binds molecules or ions and carry them to the other side
83
osmosis
the diffusion of water across the membrane (passive)
84
hypertonic solutions
solute concentration higher than solvent
85
hypotonic solutions
solute concentration less than solvent
86
isotonic solution
solute concentration equal to solvent
87
active transport
movement of molecules that requires energy and molecules move up the concentration gradient
88
what does active transport require
carrier proteins or pumps
89
ion pumps
move charged ions
90
molecular pumps
move uncharged molecules
91
sodium potassium pump moves
ions across their concentration gradients
92
flow of molecules in sodium potassium pump
three Na+ molecules move out of the cell, 2 K+ molecules move into the cell, creating a concentration graident
93
why is active transport needed
to continue cellular processes even after dynamic equilibrium is reached
94
endocytosis
engulfing of large molecuels to move into the cell
95
exocytosis
engulfing of large molecules to move out of the cell
96
what does endo/exocytosis
vesicles
97
what are vesicles made of
any membranes in eukaryotic cells and phospholipids
98
vesicles can fuse with
TPM and other vesicles
