Final Review: Unit 6 Flashcards
1
Q
energy
A
the ability to do work
2
Q
thermodynamics
A
study of flow and transformation of energy
3
Q
where does all energy come from
A
the sun
4
Q
2nd law of thermodynamics
A
energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy
5
Q
where is energy lost as
A
heat
6
Q
entropy
A
measure of disorder in a system
7
Q
photoautotrophs
A
get energy from the sun
8
Q
chemoautotrophs
A
get energy from chemicals
9
Q
metabolism
A
all the chemical reactions in a cell
10
Q
metabolic pathway
A
series of reactions
11
Q
catabolic pathway
A
releases energy
12
Q
anabolic pathway
A
uses energy
13
Q
is photosynthesis anabolic or catabolic
A
anabolic
14
Q
how is energy stored in photosynthesis
A
glucose
15
Q
is cell respiration catabolic or anabolic
A
catabolic
16
Q
in cell resp what is broken down to release energy
A
organic molecules
17
Q
what breaks down glucose in cell resp
A
oxygen
18
Q
ATP
A
energy currency for cells
19
Q
photosynthesis and cell resp are a
A
cycle
20
Q
atp stands for
A
adenosine triphosphate
21
Q
where is atp made
A
mitochondrion
22
Q
what molecule is atp
A
nucleic acid
23
Q
function of atp
A
to store and release energy
24
Q
where does atp store energy
A
between second and third phosphate bond
25
when does atp release energy
when the bond between teh second and third phosphate is broken
26
adp stands for
adenosine diphosphate
27
stages of photosynthesis
light independent and light dependent reactions
28
what creates what in light dependent reactions
light energy and h20 make atp, nadph, o2 gas
29
what creates what in stage two
atp and nadph and co2 make glucose
30
what are inside chloroplasts
thylakoids, grana, stroma
31
thylakoid
flattened sacs arranged in stacks
32
grana
stacks of thylakoidss
33
stroma
fluid filled space outside grana
34
what is the major pigment in thylakoids
chlorophyll
35
chlorophyll absorbs and reflects what
blue and purple; green and yellow
36
caratenoids
accesory pigments
37
details to make NADPH
light energy is captured, electrons get excited, water molecules split into o2 gas and h+, electrons are transferred to NADP+ to form nadph
38
details to make atp
nadph is created, chemiosmosis, h+ flows down concentration gradient, atp is made
39
chemiosmosis
the flow of electrons down a concentration gradient
40
where does stage two occur
stroma of chloroplast
41
details to make glucose
carbon fixation, p from atp and hydrogen ions and electrons from nadph combine with the created compounds, some of the new compounds leave cell as glucose
42
carbon fixation
co2 is joined with other organic compounds
43
in stage two what do the compounds that stay in the cell do
they are converted into RuBP through the enzyme rubisco, recombine with co2, and restart the cycle
44
factors that affect rate of photosynthesis
light intensity, co2 concentration, temperature, water concentration
45
c4 plants
keep stomato closed on hot days to prevent losing water, have specialized cells to still take in c02
46
cam plants
c02 is only taken in in the night
47
photosynthesis equation
6c02 + light energy + 6h20 -->c6h12o6 + 602
48
cell resp equation
c6h1206 + 602 --> 6c02 + 6h20 + energy
49
cellular respiration
the catabolic process that cells use to braek down glucose to get atp
50
anaerobic
without oxygen
51
aerobic
with oxygen
52
anaerobic process of cell resp
glycolysis
53
aerobic processes of cell resp
krebs cycle, etc
54
where does glycolysis occur
cytoplasm
55
where does krebs cycle occur
mitchondrial matrix
56
where does etc occur
mitochondrial inner membrane
57
what are the energy carrier molecules of cell resp
nadh and fadh2
58
glycolysis
glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate
59
pyruvate
three carbon compound
60
what is created in glycolysis
2 atp, 2 nadh, 2 pyruvate
61
if oxygen is present after glycolysis what happens
cell goes through krebs cycle and etc
62
if oxygen isnt present after glycolysis what happens
lactic acid fermentation
63
what happens before krebs cycle
pyruvate is transported to mitochondrion
64
what is pyruvate converted to
citric acid
65
what does pyruvate react with in krebs cycle
2 CoA
66
what does 2 pyruvate and 2 CoA yield
2 acetyl CoA, 2 c02, 2 nadh
67
what are the reactions between pyruvate and coa called
preparatory reactions
68
what becomes citric acid
acetyl coa
69
what does citric acid break down into
2 c02, 1 atp, 3 nadh, 1 fadh2
70
what is created in the krebs cycle
6 c02, 2atp, 8nadh, 2fadh2
71
why is the total of the krebs cycle doubled
there are two pyruvate that become the acetyl coa
72
what step creates the most atp
etc
73
steps of etc
nadh and fadh2 release electrons and h+, creating nad+ and fad, hydrogen ions are pumped from matrix into intermembrane space and combines with oxygen to form h20, concentration gradient forms and atp forms
74
what is the final electron acceptor
oxygen
75
what is created in etc
32-34 atp, nad+ and fad are reused
76
totals of cell resp
36-38 atp
77
when is anaerobic respiration used
when oxygen levels are low
78
what does fermentation create
atp and nad+
79
types of fermentation
alcohol, lactic acid
80
who does alcohol fermentation
yeast and microorganisms
81
what is created from what in alcohol fermentation
pyruvate becomes co2, ethyl alcohol, atp
82
who does lactic acid fermentation
humans
83
what creates what in lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate becomes lactic acid and atp
84
