Studying Unit 10 Flashcards by Anisha Ajay Srivastava

nucleosome

when dna winds into a chromosome and wraps around a histone protein

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who is credited for the structure of dna

watson and crick

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Rosalind franklins contribution to dna structure

Used x-ray diffraction to figure out that the phosphates are on the inside

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Chargaffs contribution to dna structure

Base pairs rule that a pairs with t and c pairs with g

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3 parts of nucleotides

Phosphate group, nitrogen bases, deoxyribose

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Subunit or building block of dna

Nucleotides

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Which nitrogenous bases are purine

A and g

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Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidine

C and t and u

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Purine

2 rings

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Pyrimidine

1 ring

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3 basic steps of dna replication

Unwind dna, base pairs, join the pieces

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2 roles of dna polymerase

Add complementary base pairs together and proofread sequence

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How is dna replication semi conservative

Each new strand is made from an old one and a new strand is formed

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Eukaryotic replication

Multiple replication forks and a long dna strand

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Prokaryotic replication

Single circular chromosome and one point of origin and 2 replication forks

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Central dogma of biology

DNA codes for rna in transcription and rna codes for proteins in translation

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DNA vs rna

Double helix, thymine base, deoxyribose vs single strand, uracil base, ribose

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Nucleotide triplet of mRNA

Codon

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mRNA role

Carries message from dna to ribosomes

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tRNA role

Transfers amino acid to ribosome to build protein

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rRNA role

RNA that makes up ribosomes

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Linked genes

Genes on the same chromosome

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Are close or far genes better for genetic variation

Far because of crossing over

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Chromosome map

Shows how far apart genes are located

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3 point mutations

Insertion, deletion, substitution

4 results of point mutations

Nonsense, missense, frameshift, silent

Nonsense mutation

Stop codon in the middle of the sequence

Missense mutation

An incorrect amino acid

Missense mutation

An incorrect amino acid

Frameshift mutation

Moves all nucleotides over one or more positions

Silent mutation

Change in the sequence that doesn’t cause a change in the amino acid produced

4 chromosomal mutations

Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

Chromosomal deletion

Chromosome segment is lost

Duplication

Segment from chromosome is given to its homologous pair

Inversion

Segment of chromosome is flipped upside down

Translocation

Segment from one chromosome is transferred to another

Mutation effect on protein

Incorrect protein folding

What mutation is at the dna or mRNA level

Point mutation

What mutation is at the chromosome level

Chromosomal

Goal of human genome project

Determine the sequence of all three billion nucleotides in human dna and 23000 human genes

What does gel electrophoresis produce

DNA fingerprint

How is dna charged

Negatively

What stage is rna polymerase in

Transcription

What does dna begin coiled allow for it

Better protection of genetic information and more in a condensed space

What is deoxyribose/ribose

Five carbon sugar

In a diagram, what does every point represent

A carbon atom

Antiparallel

The two strands of dna are read in opposite directions

Number of hydrogen bonds betweeen c and g

Number of hydrogen bonds between a and t

Configuration of dna

Ball and stick

Genetic code of life

The order of nitrogen bases

Friedrich mieschers contribution to dna structure

Discovered substance within nitrogen and phosphorus in white blood cells that came from the nucleus (nuclein)

What prevents dna from replicating in chromosomal form

Tightly compacted histones

How does dna helicase unwind the double helix

Breaks the hydrogen bonds that held the nitrogen bases together

What is the direction of the leading strand

3 prime to 5 prime

Direction of the lagging strand

5 prime to 3 prime

Okazaki fragments

Pieces dna polymerase works in away from the replication fork

What does dna ligase connect

Sugars and phosphates in Okazaki fragments

When does dna polymerase detach from the molecule

After ligase glues the fragments

When can dna polymerase add new nucleotides

If the previous added nucleotide was correct

What is the reason behind infrequent mutations

DNA polymerase’s proofreading

Does dna replication start at one end and go to the other

Where does replication begin

Origin of replication

What does a telomere consist of

Random nucleotide sequence that doesn’t code for a protein

What specifically protects cells’ genetic information

Adding extra dna at the end of the chromosome

If dna is to the genotype then what corresponds to phenotype

Protein

What phase of cell division does protein synthesis occur in

G1 and g2

RNA forms a temporary copy of the protein instructions because

DNA cannot leave the nucleus

What direction is mRNA created in

3 prime to five prime end of dna

What does dna do again after transcription

Winds again

RNA splicing

Used when dna has unused nucleotide sequences

Are introns or exons kept

Exons

Are introns or exons needed for rna

Exons

How does mRNA enter ribosomes

In sections

What join to make a polypeptide

Amino acids

Number of total codons

After mRNA is read

tRNA brings amino acid to ribosome

Primary protein structure

Amino acid chains

Secondary protein structure

Alpha helix or beta sheet

Tertiary protein structure

Alpha helix and beta sheets

Quaternary protein structure

Many tertiaries

What determines protein folding

Amino acid

What determines proteins role in body

The way its folded

How controlled is gene expression and protein synthesis

Tightly

Are all gens transcribed and translated at the same time

What does nonsense mutations cause

An incomplete protein to form

How does genetic engineering manipulate dna

Inserting another organisms dna

What are transgenic organisms caused by

Genetic engineering

Before genetic information can be modified what do you need to know

The organisms genome

Gel electrophoresis

Tool that uses electric currents to separate dna into fragments by size to analyze a dna sample

What cuts dna so that it can separate

Restriction enzymes

How does gel electrophoresis work

The negatively charged dna goes to the negative end of the gel and when the current comes the fragments move to the positive areas because opposites attract and small pieces move farther throughout the gel

How to identify an unknown person

If the banding patterns match

Was dna structure of function found first

Structure

What is dna

The genetic code of all life

DNA primes role

Initiates dna synthesis by creating short rna segment at the replication fork

How fast does dna polymerase match the base pairs

One at a time