Studying Unit 11

Question 1

3 parts of the theory of evolution

Answer 1

natural selection, common descent, variation and adaptations

Question 2

analogous structures

Answer 2

body parts used for the same function but not from a common ancestor

Question 3

is natural variation within a species evidence for evolution

Answer 3

no

Question 4

explain evolution of hominin skulls

Answer 4

downward turned nose, larger cranial capacity, smaller brow ridge

Question 5

homologous structures

Answer 5

structures shared by organisms that come from a common ancestor

Question 6

vestigial structures

Answer 6

body parts that have little to no purpose

Question 7

why are chimps thought of as most related to humans

Answer 7

they share 98% of DNA sequences

Question 8

3 characteristics of hominoids

Answer 8

binocular vision, relatively large brains, hands and feet that manipulate objects

Question 9

adaptation

Answer 9

a change in a species that results in it being better suited for its environment

Question 10

principles of natural selection

Answer 10

variation within individuals in a population, variations are heritable, organism produces more offspring than can survive, individuals that survive with advantageous traits reproduce and pass on their traits

Question 11

role of environment in natural selection

Answer 11

environment determines the organisms with the advantage, those survive and reproduce while other variations die, this causes a more adapted populatoin (needs diversity to occur)

Question 12

3 types of adaptations

Answer 12

behavioral, physiological, structural

Question 13

behavioral adaptation

Answer 13

response in an organism that is beneficial in its environment

Question 14

physiological adaptation

Answer 14

body process in an organims that is beneficial in its environment

Question 15

structural adaptation

Answer 15

feature of the body of an organism that is beneficial in its environment

Question 16

mimicry

Answer 16

an organism evolves to look like a dangerous one

Question 17

antibiotic resistance results in

Answer 17

bacteria to evolve to be resistant to antibiotics

Question 18

4 main sources of evidence for natural selection

Answer 18

comparitive anatomy/embryology, fossil evidence, biochemistry, geographic distribution

Question 19

embryology

Answer 19

the study of developing embryos

Question 20

2 methods to figure out how old a fossil is

Answer 20

strata layers and radioactive isotopes with carbon-14

Question 21

what is the relationship between carbon-14 and carbon-12

Answer 21

carbon-14 is the isotope of carbon-12

Question 22

founder effect

Answer 22

a population with new individulas genetic make up is different in new location

Question 23

bottleneck effect

Answer 23

when a population rapidly declines and random individuals survive

Question 24

speciation

Answer 24

a new species can evolve when a population diverges or groups become reproductively isolated

Question 25

allopatric speciation

Answer 25

physical isolation (geographic)

Question 26

sympatric speciation

Answer 26

occurs simultaneously at the same time and place without the physical barrier

Question 27

punctuated equilibrium

Answer 27

rapid spurts of genetic change that cuases species to diverge quickly (speciation)

Question 28

gradualism

Answer 28

slow and steady evolution through small changes (Darwin)

Question 29

4 types of natural selection

Answer 29

stabilizing, directional, disruptive, sexual

Question 30

stabilizing selection

Answer 30

eliminates extreme expressions of a trait

Question 31

directional selection

Answer 31

an extreme version of a trait is favored over the other

Question 32

disruptive selection

Answer 32

both extreme versions are selected over the average

Question 33

sexual selection

Answer 33

those with the best mating styles are favored and reproduce

Question 34

hardy-weinberg equilibrium principle

Answer 34

a mathematical equation for how evolutoin will not occur in populations unless allele frequencies are changed by natural forces

Question 35

5 conditions for hardy-weinberg equilibrium principle

Answer 35

large population, no mutations, random mating, no immigration or emigration, no natural selection

Question 36

hominoid

Answer 36

nonmonkey advanced primate with binocular vision, large brains, and hands and feet that can manipulate objects

Question 37

hominin

Answer 37

upright, larger brains, less body hair, complex speech, highly opposable thumb

Question 38

hominin species oldest to most reent

Answer 38

australopithecus afarensis, australopithecus africanus, homo habillis, homo ergaster, homo erectus, homo neanderthalensis, homo sapin

Question 39

overall trend in human evolution

Answer 39

lighter and larger skill, small jaw, bigger brain

Question 40

titus lucretius carus

Answer 40

man who first proposed idea of evolution

Question 41

jean baptiste lamarck

Answer 41

recognized evolution seriously but thought that organisms could change if they wanted to

Question 42

what was darwin

Answer 42

an unoffical naturalist

Question 43

geographic distribution

Answer 43

organisms living in similar habitates can evolve similar features, though they may not be related

Question 44

transition fossils

Answer 44

shows features shared by different species and the change from one species to another

Question 45

how to use strata to find age of a fossil

Answer 45

those in deeper strata are older than those in shallow strata

Question 46

when are elements radioactive

Answer 46

if their atomic mass is greater than 82

Question 47

half-life of radioactive isotopes

Answer 47

time it takes for half the isotope to decay

Question 48

how do unstable nuclei break down

Answer 48

naturally over time

Question 49

carbon ratio of living organisms

Answer 49

equal distribution between carbon-12 and carbon-14

Question 50

carbon ratio of dead organisms

Answer 50

fixed carbon-12 amount but carbon-14 decays

Question 51

decay rate of carbon-14

Answer 51

every 5700 years, half the radioactive carbon decays

Question 52

is fossil record complete

Answer 52

no

Question 53

for a trait to be lost it must be a

Answer 53

disadvantage, not just useless to the organism

Question 54

traditional evolution

Answer 54

change in the form of populations of organisms over a long period of time

Question 55

genetics-based evolution

Answer 55

any change in gene or allele frequency in a population

Question 56

adaptive radiation

Answer 56

when one species rapidly evolves into many species, causing its niche to change

Question 57

genetic drift

Answer 57

evolution due to chance

Question 58

how can allopatric speciation cause two new species

Answer 58

when the mutations are different in each population

Question 59

what are organisms isolated by in sympatric speciation

Answer 59

behaviors and mutations

Question 60

who thought of punctuated equilibrium

Answer 60

stephen gould

Question 61

what causes punctuated equilibrium

Answer 61

the rapid evolution of small isolated populations under strong selective pressure

Question 62

what caused gradualism to be less thought of

Answer 62

fossil record showed species living for a long time but then suddenly replaced

Question 63

is hardy-weinberg principle shwon in real populations

Answer 63

no

Question 64

why is the hardy-weinberg principle usd

Answer 64

to verify that changes in allele frequencies can cause microevolution

Question 65

is species evolution linear

Answer 65

no it is branched

Question 66

types of fossils

Answer 66

freezing, tar pits, amber, molds, mummification

Question 67

pleiotropy

Answer 67

why some seemingly nonadaptive traits persist in populations